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FOR JANUARY, 1887. 

Rulers of 

the World, 



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1887. 



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Some Account of the 



Rulers of the World, 



PREPARED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS 



BY W. I. CHASE. 



(COPYRIGHT 1887.) 



Chicago: 

W. I. CHASE, 

School Herald Office, 

1887. 




y 






Rulers of the World 



KINGS, PRINCES AND STATESMEN OF OUR 
TIME. 



EUROPE, 

1. How many and what are the states of Europe? 
Eighteen — not counting minor and dependent states 

Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, 
Great Britain and Ireland, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, 
Netherlands, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, 
Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Bulgaria. 

2. What is Austria-Hungary? Sec. 50* 

A bipartite state, consisting of the Austrian empire 
and the Hungarian kingdom. Each state has its sepa- 
rate government, and the two are united only in the per- 
son of the monarch, and in a joint parliament and min- 
istry, the two latter having a Drescribed sphere of legis- 
lation and administration. 

3. Who is monarch of this state? 

Franz Josef I, of the house of Habsburg-Loraine. He 
is 56 years of age; succeeded his uncle Ferdinand in 1848. 
Married in 1854, Elizabeth, daughter of Duke Maxi- 
milian of Bavaria. 

Heir Apparent.— Archduke Rudolph, the emperor's eld- 
est son, born irf 1858 and now a general in the Austrian army. 

4. What gives Austria prominence just now ? 

Her pronounced opposition to Russia in the Balkan 

^References here and elsewhere are to Section of "Civil Govern- 
ment in Theory and Practice " : or to Volurre and Page of the School 
herald. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



states. The recent official declaration of Koloman Tis- 
za, to the effect that no power would be permitted to es- 
tablish a protectorate over the states on the Danube 
defined the position taken by Austria-Hungary, as thg 




FRANZ JOSEPH I. 
Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. 

leader of the European powers in their opposition to 
Russian aggression. 

5. Who is Koloman Tisza.? 

Prime minister of Hungary; this office he has held 
since Feb, 25, 1877. 

6. Who is prime minister of Austria? 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. ii 

Count Edward Taafe, appointed to the office, Aug. 19, 

1879. 

7. Who is foreign minister of Austria-Hungary? 

Count G. Kalnoky de Korospatak; appointed Nov. 
21, 1881. 




KOLOMAN TISZA. 
Prime Minister of Hungary. 
8. What is the government of Belgium ? Sec. 95. 
A constitutional monarchy, governed by a king and a 



Austria-Hungary.— Population, (1880) 39,206,052; army, peace foot- 
ing, 384,000; war footing, 1,09.5,833; navy, 40 vessels, of which but 11 
are iron-clad . Finances are in a bad way, as there is a chronic deficit 
of some $20,000,000 in the annual budget, and the national debt is 

$3,263,281,860. 



12 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

parliament of two houses, both houses elected by pop- 
ular suffrage. 

9. Who is King of the Belgians ? 

Leopold II, son of Leopold I, the father being before 
his election to the throne of Belgium, a prince of the 
house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Leopold II is 5 1 yearg 







LEOPOLD II. 
King of the Belgians. 
of age ; was married in 1853, to Marie Henrietta, daugh- 
ter of Archduke Joseph of Austria. 

Heir Apparent. — The king has three daughters but no sons. 
The royal succession is in the direct line of heirs male, in the 
order of primogeniture. The king's eldest brother is Philippe, 
Count of Flanders. 

10. .What are the chief issues in Belgian politics ? 
The control of the public schools and the suppression 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 13 

of socialistic agitation. The Clericals and Liberals dif- 
fer widely as to the policy of teaching religious doctrine 
in the schools, and elections generally turn on this 
issue. The wage-workers in many parts of the state 
are infected with socialistic doctrines, and strikes and 
riots frequently occur, or are prevented only by the vig- 
ilance of the authorities. 

11. How is Denmark governed? Sec. 108, 

By a king and parliament under a liberal constitution. 

12. Is the government therefore liberal .? 

No; the government is reactionary, not to say tyran- 
nical. The present prime minister, with the approval 
of the king, has wrested the constitution far away from 
its rational interpretation, and carries on the govern- 
ment in defiance of the majority in the lower house of 
parliament. 

13. Who is King of Denmark? V. VI, p. 159. 
Christian IX, a man 68 years of age, the fourth son 

of the duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucks- 
burg. Succeeded to the throne in 1863, under the trea- 
ty of London of 1852 and the Danish law of succession 
of 1853. Married Louise, daughter of the landgrave of 
Hesse-Cassel, in 1842. 

Heir Apparent. — Prince Frederik, born in 1843; married 
in 1869, a daughter of the king of Sweden and Norway. 

14. Who is prime minister of Denmark ? 

Jacob B roennum Scavenius Estrup, appointed in 1875 

15. What is the government of France? Sec. 57. 

A republic. The legislative power is vested in a 
congress of two houses, and the executive in a president 
elected for a term of seven years, by the congress. In 
practice both powers are exercised by the ministry, 
which exists subject to the will of the majority in the 
chamber of deputies. 

Belgium.— Population (1883), 5,720,807; military strength on war 
footing 103,683. excluding civic guards; no navy; financially sound; 
public debt, $337,371,095. 



H 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



1 6. Who is president of France? V. V, p. 198. 

M. Grevy, elected to that office first in 1879, ^^'^^ i*^- 
elected Dec. 28, 1885. 

17. What is notable in the history of ministerial gov. 
ernment under the French republic ? 




CHRISTIAN IX. 
King of Denmark. 
The frequent changes in the ministry, showing the 



Dexmark.— Population (18SiK ::.045.1T9: army, on war footing, 50,52-2 
men: navy. 4-1 steam vessels, mounting- 252 guns. Deficit in last years' 
Dudget, $l,0S1.5So; national debt, §64:,92ti,275. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 15 

fickleness cf the majority in the chamber of deputies. 

18. Who is the prime minister? 

M. Rene Goblet, who succeeded M. de Freycinet 
Dec. II, 1886. M. Goblet had previous to this acces- 
sion to power held the offices of under secretary of jus- 



FRANCOIS PAUL JULES GREW, 
President of France. 
tice (1879), minister of the interior (1882) and minister 
of public instruction (1885-86). 

19. What are the main questions in French politics? 
The placating of the Radical, or semi-socialistic ele- 



i6 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

ment, and vigilance to defeat the schemes of the mon- 
archical pietenders. 

20. Who are these monarchical pretenders ? 

Prince "Jerome" Bonaparte and the Count of Paris. 



M. RENE GOBLET, 
Prime Minister of France. 
These have been banished from France as enemies of 
the state. 

21. Who is Prince "Jerome" Bonaparte? 
He is the recognized head of the house of Bonaparte* 
His name is Napoleon Josepl Charles Paul Bonaparte, 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



17 



but he is popularly known by the name of his father, 
Jerome Bonaparte, whom Napoleon I made king of West- 
phalia. He has been conspicuous in politics ever since 
the revolution of 1848, but cannot be styled a leader, 
as he is personally unpopular. He is a man of 64 years 
of age and has two sons, Princes Victor and Louis. 




PRINCE "JEROME" BONAPARTE, 
22. Who is the Count of Paris.? V. VI, p. ^i^. 
He is the grandson of King Louis Philippe of France 
He was born in 1838. By the death of the Comte de 

^^^^-^^•;rP°P"^^^io° (1881)' 37,672.048. Army, in peace 502 866 in 
war 3 7dO,000 men, including all reserves NavyV(1883) 366 rebels' if 
which 72 are iron clad. Expenditures are fuW Sual to ?lvenue 
and the national debt is $4,710,000,000. ^ revenue, 



1 8 RULERS OF THE WORLD, 

Chambord in 1883 he became heir to the claims of the 
elder as well as the younger branch of the Bourbon 
family. 

23. What is the government of Germany? Sec. 46. 




LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT D'ORLEANS 
Count of Paris. 

A federation or empire of twenty-two monarchical and 
three republican states. The central power consists of 
three factors — the presidency, which is vested in the 
German Emperor, the federal council (bundesrath) and 
the federal parliament (reichstag). 

24. Who is the German Emperor? 



RULERS OF THE WORLD 



19 



WilhelmI,of the house of Hohenzollern, king of Prus- 
sia, the second son of King Friedrich Wilhelm III, of 
Prussia. Born in 1797, he was educated as a soldier, 
and served in the army under his brother, the King of 
Prussia, whom he succeeded in 1861. Was proclaimed 
emperor of Germany at Versailles, France, Jan. 18, 1871. 




WILLIAM I. 

German Emperor and King of Prussia. 

Was married in 1829 to Augusta, daughter of the Grand 
duke of Saxe Weimar. 

Heir Apparent — Prince Friedrich Wilhelm; born in 1831. 
Is now a field marshal in the Prussian army. Was married in 
1858 to Princess Victoria, daughter of Queen Victoria of 
England. 

25. Who is chancellor of the empire? 

Prince Otto von Bismarck-Schonhausen. Prince Bis- 



20 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

marck was made prime minister of Prussia in 1862, 
chancellor of the North German confederation in 1867, 
and chancellor of the empire in 1871, when the empire 
took the place of the confederation. 
26. Why is Bismarck famous? 



FRIEDRICH WILHELM, 
Crown Prince of Prussia. 

The unification of Germany, and the political great- 
ness of Prussia and the empire of which she is the head, 
are ascribed to the sagacity and statesmanship of Bis- 
marck. He is supposed to guide the foreign policy of 
the empire, and at the same time administer the domes- 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



21 



tic affairs of state with vigilance and foresight, 

27. How many and what are the compontent states of 

the empire? 

Twenty-five — not including the imperial province of 

Alsace-Lorraine. There are four kingdoms, six grand 




PRINCE BISMARCK. 

duchies, five duchies, sevjpn principalities, and three free 
towns. 



States of the German Empire: — 

PRUSSIA— King, Wilhelm I. Members in the federal council 
(showing- importance in the empire), 17. Sec. 171. 

BAVARIA.— King, Otto. Regent, Prince Luitpold. Councillors, 6. 
Sec. 173. 

WURTEMBERG.— King, Karl I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 173. 

SAXONY. -King, Albert I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 174. 

BADEN.— Grand duke, Friedrich I. Councillors, 3 Sec. 175. 

MECKLENBERG-SCHWERIN. -Grand duke, Friedrich Franz III. 
Councillors, 3. Sec. 176. 



2 2 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

28. What is the present policy of the imperial govern- 
ment ? 

For the past ten years it has been the policy of the 
German empire to concern itself entirely with domestic 
and colonial affairs, ignoring, as far as may be, the 
schemes of other European nations. Even the promo- 
tion of colonies was neglected until within the last two 
or three years. 

29. What is the domestic policy of the government? 
To enlarge the sphere of its powers, to discourage the 

growth of liberal or democratic opinions, and to make 
the administration, as far as possible, independent of the 
popular will. At the outset. Chancellor Bismarck sought 
and received the support of the German Liberals, but 
after the formation of the empire, he broke with them 
and pursued a contrary policy. This change of course 
is especially noticeable in the history of the Prussian 
^'Kulturkampf." 

30. What was this ''Kulturkampf'.? V. VI, p. 28. 
The contest between the Prussian government and 

Roman Catholic church over the direction of education- 
al and ecclesiastical affairs. The contest was begun 
by the state fifteen years or more ago, and was pursued 

HESSE.— Grand dulje, Ludwig- IV. Councillors, 3. Sec. 177. 

OLDENBERG.— Grand duke, Peter I. Councillors, 1. Sec. 178. 

SAXE-WEIMAR.— Grand duke, Karl Alexander. Councillors, 1. 
Sec. 180. 

MECKLENBERG-STRELITZ.— Grand duke, Friedrich Wilhelm I. 
Councillors, 1 . Sec. 176. 

BRUNSWICK.— (Throne vacant). Councillors, 3. Sec. 179. 

SAXE-MEININGEN.— Duke, Georg- IT. Councillors, 1. Sec. 180. 

ANHALT.— Duke, Friedrich. Councillors.!. Sec. 183. 

SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA.— Duke, Ernst II. Councillors, 1. Sec. 
181. 

SAXE-ALTENBURG.— Duke, Ernst. Councillors, 1. Sec. 180. 

WALDECK.— Prince, Geoi'g- Victor. Councillors, 1. Sec. 184. 

LIPPE.— Prince, Waldemar. Councillors,!. S°c. 184. 

SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT.— Prince, Georg. Councillors, 
1. Sec. 186. 

SCHWARZBURG-SONDERHAUSEN.— Prince, Karl II. Council- 
lors, 1. Sec. 186. 

REUSS-SCHLEIZ.— Prince, Heinrich XIV. Councillors, 1. Sec. 187. 

SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.— Prince, Adolf. Councillors,!. Sec. 185. 

REUSS-GREIZ.— Prince, Heinrich XXII. Councillors,!. Sec. 187. 

HAMBURG, LUBECK AND BREMEN.— Free towns, governed by 
their own representatives. Each is entitled to a representative in 
the federal council. Sees. 188-191. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



23 



with ardor, but was afterward allowed to decline and 
was finally abandoned in 1886, the government restor- 
ing its diplomatic intercourse with the Vatican and re- 
pealing laws calculated to hamper or offend the church. 




VICTORIA I. 
Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress 
OF India. 
31. What change occurred in Gerniany's commercial 
policy ? 



German Empire.— Population (1880) 45,334,061. Army, peace foot- 
ing-, 427.274 men and 13,998 officers; war footing, 1,456,677 men and 
35,427 officers. Navy, 90 steam vessels, with 555 guns, including 27 
iron cladP, and 16,500 men. Financial standing, good. National debt, 

$98,760,000. 



24 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



A change in the direction of the protection of home 
industries by the imposition of high tariff duties on im- 
ports. 

32. What is the government of Great Britain and 
Ireland? Sec. 59. 




ALBERT EDWARD. 
Prince of Wales. 



A constitutional monarchy. The supreme legislative 
power resides in a parliament of two houses, the house 
of commons, elected by popular suffrage, and the house 
of p^ers, consisting of members by hereditary right, by 
appointment or by election. In practice, almost all the 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 2^ 

legislative power, as well as the executive power trad- 
itionally resident in the sovereign, is exercised by the 
ministry, which exists subject to the pleasure of the 
majority in the house of commons. 

33. Who is sovereign of Great Britain? 




THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. 
Prime Minister of England, 

Victoria I, of the house of Hanover. She is the 
daughter of Edward, the fourth son of George III. She 
was born in 1819; succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 
1837; was married in 1840, to Prince Albert of Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha. 



26 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



Heir Apparent. — Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. Born 
in i84i,and now a society man of some reputation. Married, 
in 1863, the Princess Alexandra, daughter of the King of Den- 
mark. 




HON. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE. 
34. Who is prime minister of the United Kingdom? 
Robert A. T. G. Cecil, Marquis of SaUsbury, the lead- 
er of the Conservative party. Salisbury took office in 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 27 

July, 1886, the Liberal party having just been defeated 
in a general election. He had once before held the 
premiership, but only for a few months, from June, 1885, 
to January, 1886. Under Beaconsfield he was foreign 
secretary. He is thought none too scrupulous in his 
political methods, and as a statesman does not rank 
very high. 




CHARLES STEWART PARNELL. 

35. Who is the leader of the opposition? 

Hon. W. E. Gladstone, for nearly twenty years the 
leader of the English Liberals. The Liberal party is at 
present divided, and as Mr. Gladstone is an old man 
(born Dec. 29, 1809) his return to power cannot be 
counted upon. But though his political career should 
end tomorrow, it is already sufficient to render him a 
marked man in history. As to his rank as a statesman, 



28 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

there is wide difference of opinion, but all admit his 
ability as a political leader, and of his earnestness and 
sincerity there can be but little doubt. 

36. What causes the division in the Liberal party? 

V. VI, pp. 45,52. 




HON. JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN. 

The proposal — brought forward by Gladstone in the 
spring of 1886 — to establish an Irish parliament at Dub- 
lin for the control of Irish affairs. This measure was 
rejected by the house of commons, as many Liberal 
members voted against it. Parliament was dissolved, 
and in the election which followed the dissenting Lib- 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



29 



erals opposed Gladstone and his followers, urging the 
preservation of the parliamentary union with Ireland- 

37. What was the result of the election? 

The utter rejection of the Gladstonian Irish pohcy by 
the people of England, the new parliament standing: 




HON. JOHN BRIGHT. 

Conservative, 318; Gladstonian,i92 ; Unionist Liberals, 
75; Parnellites, or Irish Home Rulers, 85. 

2i^. Who is head of the Irish Home Rule party ? 

Charles Stewart Parnell. Though comparatively a 
young man (born in 1846) he has been since 1877 the 
leader of the Irish Home Rule party. Is called, on ac- 



30 RULERS- OF THE WORLD. 

count of his influence with his countrymen, the "Un- 
crowned King of Ireland." 

39. How is Irish home rule connected with the land 
question? 

It is understood that any Irish parliament will favor 




HON. GEORGE J. GOSCHEN, 
Chancellot of the Exchequer. 
the claim of the Irish tenant to the possession of his 
holding, and either force the landlords to accept less 
rent or dispossess them altogether. For this reason, 
Gladstone proposed that the government of the United 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 31 

Kingdom buy out the landlords and resell the land to 
the tenants. 

40. What was the effect of this proposal? 

It did not lessen the hostility of the landed gentry, 
but it excited the opposition of the EngUsh Radicals 
and strengthened the Liberal Unionists. 

41. Who is leader of the English Radicals? 
Joseph Chamberlain, M. P. Mr. Chamberlain has 

held the offices of president of the board of trade and 
chairman of the local government board in the Liberal 
ministry, resigning the latter to oppose the Irish home 
rule bill. His parliamentary career has been short and 
not altogether brilliant, but he is the spokesman of his 
faction and as such becomes its leader, overshadowing 
that eminent Radical, John Bright. 

42. Who is John Bright? 

A popular leader in England — son of a Quaker cot- 
ton spinner of Lancashire — who fifty odd years ago 
came into prominence as a leader of the anti-corn -law 
agitation. A gifted orator, and an advocate of the 
people's rights, he became a popular idol, and was soon 
invited to join the Liberal party, but though as member 
of parliament from Birmingham he generally acted with 
the Liberals, he persistently refused office, until 1882, 
when he joined Gladstone's cabinet. Being a Quaker, 
he resigned rather than sanction the war with Egypt, 
but continued as a Liberal until the introduction of the 
Irish home rule bill, which he vehemently opposed. 

43. Beside the Radicals, who compose the Unionist 
Liberals ? 

Certain Whig-Liberals, led bv the Marquis of Hart- 
ington and Mr. Geo. Goschen. This group stands be- 
tween the Conservatives and the Gladstonians, voting 
sometimes with the one and sometimes with the other. 

44. Who is the Conservative leader in the house of 
commons ? 

Not (as might be expected) the prime minister, but 



32 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

the chancellor of the exchequer, Geo. J. Goschen,who is 
ex officio, the party spokesman, though he is not by 
rights a Conservative but a Liberal Unionist. The lead- 
ing Conservative in the house is Wm. H. Smith, now 
first lord of the treasury. 




EARL SPENCER. 

45. Who is Gladstone's lieutenant in the Liberal 
party ? 

Since the defection of the Marquis of Hartington, the 
lieutenancy is divided between Sir William Vernon 
Harcourt and Earl Spencer. (There are other conspic- 
uous Liberals, such as H. C. E. Childers, Lord Rose- 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 33 

bery and Mr. John Morley, who may come to the front 
should Gladstone retire.) 

46. Who is Sir William Harcourt } 

Harcourt is a man of about sixty years, who has been 
in parliament for eighteen years and in the Liberal cab- 
inet since 1880. He is a "useful" man and a devoted 
follower of his chief. 

47. Who is Earl Spencer.? 

John Poyntz Spencer, eldest son of the fourth earl of 
the name, was born in 1835. Has served as lord lieu- 
tenant of Ireland in 1868-74 and 1885-6, and as lord 
president of the council in 1880-85. 

48. What is the government of Greece* Sec. 112. 

A monarchy of strictly defined powers. The exec- 
utive power is vested in the king and the legislative au- 
thority in the parliament of one chamber. In practice 
a responsible ministry carries on the government. 

49. Who is king of Greece? 

George I, the second son of the present king of Den- 
mark. Born in 1845, he was elected king of Greece in 
1863, when but 18 years of age. Was married, four 
years later, to Olga, niece of the Czar Alexander II of 
Russia. 

Heir Apparent — Prince Konstantinos, Duke of Sparta, 
eldest son of the king, born in 1868. 

50. Who is prime minister of Greece ? 

M. Tricoupis, the leader of the conservative party, 
who succeeded M. Delyannis after the general election 
early in 1886. The premier is an old man, long versed 
in affairs of state. 

51. What are the relations between Greece and the 
European powers? 

The relations between Greece and European powers 



Great Britain.— Population (1881) 35,246,633. Army (1883) 181,971 
men and 7,199 officers, besides 136,778 militia and 102,810 volunteers. 
Navy, 283 vessels, 63 ironclads. Public debt, (1885) $3,701,653,270. 



34 



RULER:^ OF THE WORLD. 



(except France and Denmark) are not altogether friend- 
ly, as Greece resents the action of the powers in forcing 
her to desist from war with Turkey in the spring of 1886. 

52. Why did Greece wish to attack Turkey? V. VI, p. 13. 

To secure possession of the territory awarded her by 




GE ORGE I. 

King of Greece. 

the Berlin conference of 1880. Greece had demanded 
her ancient provinces of Thessaly and Epirus, and the 
conference— called under the Berlin treaty — awarded 
her most of her claim. Turkey refused to evacuate the 
provinces, and the Constantinople conference of 1881 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 35 

reduced the award, leaving most of Epirus still subject 
to the Turk. Greece submitted under protest and, after 
the Bulgarian union of 1885, declared her intention of 
forcibly occupying the disputed territory. 

53. How was she forced to desist? 

The European powers, (except France and Denmark) 
joined in a command that she disband her forces, and 




'Bonndary of 1832. 

^J*""*""*"*""*" "Adopted by the Berlin Conference of 1880. 

Boundaries proposed by Greece and Turkey. 
'"""-='——- — -— -Settled by Constantinople Conference of 1881. 

THE GRECIAN BOUNDARIES. 

sent their fleets to blockade her ports and compel her 
obedience. 

54. How is Italy governed .1^ Sec. no. 

^y ^ king and parliament, theoretically sharing the 



GREECE.-Population (1879) 1,979,453. Army, 35,000 men- navv 16 

l^v^^t^Hl^'^lf^^-^:^^^ W'. ^^°- Revenueflie I7S Expend- 
iture, $15,898,135; public debt, $86,264,800. V, c-^pcim 



36 



RULERS OF THE I 'ORLD. 



legislative power, which they exercise by and through a 
responsible ministry. The parliament consists of two 
chambers — a chamber of deputies elected by the people 
under a tax-paying quaHfication, and a senate appointed 
for life by the crown. 




HUMBERT I, 

King of Italy. 

55. Who is king of Italy.? 

Humbert I. who succeeded his father, Victor Emanuel 
Jan. 9, 1878. Humbert was born in 1844; married in 
1868, to Margarita, the daughter of the duke of Genoa. 

Heir Apparent.— Victor Emanuel, prince of Naples, born 
in 1869. 



RULERS OF 7 HE WORLD. 



37 



56. Who is prime minister of Italy? 

Signor Agostino Depretis, who has held the place 
with slight intermissions since 1881. He is a man of 61, 
devoted to home affairs and in aggressive in his foreign 
policy. 




POPE LEO XIII. 

57. What are the relations between the Italian gov- 
ernment and the Vatican? 

The church of Rome— called the Vatican from the 
name of the papal residence — has never condoned the 
forcible annexation, in 1870, of the papal states to the 
Italian Kingdom. Hence the relations between the 



38 RULERS OF THE WORL D. 

pope and the government are not altogether friendly 
Roman Catholicism is, however, the established church 
in Italy, and the pope is recognized as its supreme spir- 
itual head. He is also, though deprived of temporal 
power, considered as possessed of his "former dignities 
as a reigning prince,'' and as such maintains diplomatic 
relations with most European states. 

58. How is the pope chosen? 

He is elected (for life, of course) by the college of 
cardinals. The sacred college contains about seventy 
cardinals, including bishops, priests and deacons. 

59. Who is the present supreme pontiff.? 

The present pontiff or pope, is Leo XHI, elected Feb. 
21, 1878. He was born in 1810, the son of Luigi Pecci^ 
educated for the priesthood, which he joined in 1837; 
was made bishop in 1843 ^^^ cardinal ten years later. 

60. What is the government of Montenegro? Sec. 119. 
A patriarchal despotism. All power centers in, and 

emanates from, the person of the hospodar or prince. 

61. Who is prince of Montenegro? 

Nicholas I, born in 1848, and succeeded his uncle, 
Danilo I, in i860. 

62. What is the government of Holland or the Neth- 
erlands? Sec. 105. 

A monarchy of limited powers, the chief authority be- 
ing vested in the states general, an assembly of two 
houses. The upper house is chosen (with a property 
qualification), by the provincial councils. The lower 
house is elected by the people. 

d-T^. Who is king of the Netherlands? 



Italy.— Population (1881), 28,459,451. Army (peace footing) 170,000 
men; permanent army, 750,765; army (war footing) 2,400,000 men. 
Navy, 72 war vessels, with 2j ironclads, several of these among the 
most powerful made. Revenue (1885), $312,142,530; expenditui-e, 
$311,286,705; debt, $2,201,903,485. 

Montenegro.— Population, 245,380. No army in peace, but in war 
every man over 14 enrolled, giving a force of about 28,000 men. Rev- 
en ue, $35,750. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



39 



Willem III, bom in 1817, the son of Willem II, whom 
he succeeded in 1849. Married in 1839, the daughter 
of the king of Wurtemburg. This wife dying in 1877, 
he was married a second time, in 1879, to the Princess, 
Emma, daughter of the prince of Waldeck. 




PRINCESS WILHELMINA. 

Heir Apparent. — Princess Wilhelmina, offspring of seco- 
nd marriage, born Aug. 31, 1880. 

64. Who is prime minister of Holland } 



Netherlands.— Population, (1885) 4,278,272; armv (war footing) 
62,684 men and 2,326 officers; navy, 120 men of war, 23 of them iron- 
clads. Revenue, (1885) $47,230,660; expenditure, $59,686,080; debt 
$450,300,000. 



40 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



A. P. C. Vail Karnbeek, also minister of foreign af- 
fairs. Appointed in 1886. 

65. How is Portugal governed? Sec. 10 1. 

By a king and parliament under a constitution. The 




PRINCE CARLOS, 
Duke of Braganza and Crown Prince of Portugal. 

parliament is in two houses, a chamber of deputies and 
a house of peers. 

66, Who is king of Portugal? 

Luis I, son of Queen Maria II, and of Prince Ferdi- 
nand of Saxe-Coburg. Born in 1838 and succeeded his 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



41 
1862 



brother, King Pedro V, in 186 r. Was married in 
to a daughter of King Victor Emanuel of Italy. 

Heir Apparent.— Prince Carlos, Duke of Braganza. This 
prince is the king's eldest son, a man of 23, recenUj married 
to the daughter of the Count of Paris. 




CHARLES I. 
King of Roumania. 

67. Who is prime minister of Portugal .'* 
Senhor Lucianna de Castro. 



Portugal.— Population (1881). 4,306,554. Army, 32,750 men and 1.583 
P^S^F^- ^-Navy, 39 ships, many scarcely sea worthy. Revenue (1885), 
$34,265,780; expenditure, $35,172,660; debt, (1884) $400,000,000. 



42 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

68. How is Roumania governed ? Sec. 1 1 6. 

The constitution vests the legislative authority in a 
parliament of two houses, and the executive power in 
the king with the limitation that all royal acts must be 
sanctioned by a responsible ministry. Both houses of 
parliament are elected by the people, 

69. Who is king of Roumania? 

Charles I, elected prince by the National Assembly 
in 1866; proclaimed king in 1881. He was born in 1839, 
the son of Prince Karl of HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen- 
He succeeded Prince Alexander John I, who had been 
deposed by a revolution. Was married in 1869, to Prin- 
cess Elizabeth von Neuwied. 

Heir Prksumptive. — Ferdinand,(nephew) of Hohenzollern» 

70. What is the government of Russia.? Sec. 121. 

An autocracy, based upon the doctrine of the abso- 
lute supremacy of the emperor of all the Russias. In 
making conquests, the autocrat of Russia has assumed 
the sovereign title peculiar to each conquered province, 
but has wholly abolished all constitutions, so far as they 
may be made the basis of political rights. Institutions 
of local government are tolerated, subject to the will ot 
his imperial majesty. 

7 I. Who is emperor of Russia.? 

Alexander III. Was born in 1845 ; married in i866> 
to Maria Dagmar, daughter of the king of Denmark; as- 
cended the throne after the assassination of his father, 
March 13, 1881. The present czar is represented as 
self-willed, with a taste for political affairs, and his per- 
sonal influence is more extended than that of his father. 
In character he resembles his grandfather, the Emper- 
or Nicholas. 

Heir Apparent. — Grand-duke Nicholas, the czar's eldest 
son, born in 1868. 



Roumania.— Population (estimated) 5,376,000; army (peace footing), 
18,533; (war footing), 150,000. No surplus in t he l)udget, and the debt 
is something- over one hundred and Hfty millions. 



RULERS OF THE WORL D. 43 

72. Who is prime minister of Russia? 

There is no premier in the Russian ministry, the mem- 
bers of the cabmet being (as in the United States) in- 
dividually and not collectively responsible. From time 
to time some minister rises 10 prominence, in the opin 
ion of the pre s correspondents, and (perhaps) in the 
esteem of the czar, whose will the minister does not pre- 
sume to question. Just at present, the head of the for- 




ALEXANDER III. 
Emperor of all the Russias. 

eign office is (next to his imperial master) the promi- 
nent figure in the government. 

73. Who is the minister of foreign affairs.? 



44 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



M. de Giers, who succeeded Prince Gortschakoff four 
years ago. He comes of a Swedish-Finn family of 
Jewish extraction, and has not the social prestige of 
his predecessor. But he has spent the best part of 
his life in the foreign office, and the czar seems to have 




NICHOLAS DE GIERS. 
Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs. 



Russia.— Population, (1882) (including- Siberia) 103,683,134; armv 
(peace footing), 780,081; (war footing), ,3300.000; navy, 385 steamships 
of which 39 are ironolads. Russia is deeply In debt, but exact amount 
IS not known, interest bearing part is $3,083,500,000: interest amount- 
ing to $143,369,635 annually. Amount of revenue, called for by budget 



RULERS CF THE WORLD. 45 

every confidence in him. It is reported that he has 
neither the abiHty nor the power exercised by Prince 
Gortschakoff, but this report comes from persons not al- 
together friendly to the minister they decry. 

74. How is the foreign office brought into prominence ^ 
Through the efforts of the government to extend its 

territory. This has brought it into cohision with the 
interests of ether European powers, and diplomacy is 
necesjary to satisfy the offended governments and avoid 
war. Russian encroachment on the territory and rights 
of Afghanistan, Turkey and Bulgaria are the chief 
grounds of complaint. 

75. What are the sources of Russia's strength and 
weakness in this contest.? 

Her strength lies in the number of her inhabitants* 
and in her geographical position, which renders her less 
open to attack. Her weakness is in the disorderly 'state 
of her finances, and the political apathy of the people 
under despotism, which has nourished, (if it did not also 
produce) that form of sociaUsm pecular to the Rus ian 
Nihilists. 

76. What is Servia? Sec. 114, 

A kingdom with a constitution recently remodeled in 
liberal form. The executive power is vested in the king 
and his ministers, and the legislative power in an assem- 
bly of two houses elected by the people. 

77. W^ho is king of Servia.? 

Milan I, son of Prince Milosch Obrenovich, the found- 
er of the dynasty. Milan was born in 1855, came to the 
throne as prince in 1872, was married three years later 
to Fraulein Nathalie von Keschko. Was proclaimed 
king in 1882. 

Heir Apparent. — Prince Alexander, born in 1876. 

78. What is the government of Spain.? Sec. 103. 

Servia.— Population, (1883) 1,820,000; reg-ular army, 15,000, reserve, 
60,000. Revenue, (1885) $7,691,470; expenditure (1885) $7,609,325; public 
debt, (1884) $35,000,000. 



46 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 



A kingdom, in which a constitution has been granted 
by the king to his people. The legislative power is 
shared by the king and the cortes, the latter a parlia- 
ment of two houses. The upper house is a senate con- 




MILAN I. 
King of Servia. 



taining members by hereditary right, by appointment 
and by election. The lower house contains the depu- 
ties of the people. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



47 



79. Who is king of Spain? 

Alfonso Leon, born May 17, 1886, the posthumous 
child of King Alfonso XII. The country is, therefore, 
under a regency. 

Heir Apparent. — Infant Marie-de-las-Mercedes, sister of 
the infant king, born in 1880. 




QUEEN CHRISTINA. 
Regent of Spain. 

80. Who is regent of Spain .-* 

Queen Marie Christina, the mother of the king. She 



Spain.— Population, (1883) 169,902,621; army,peace footing.lO0,OOO;navy 
134steamvessels,and 12 iron-clads and about 20,000 men. Expenditure 
generally exceeds the revenue, and there is a debt, $1,190,000,000. 



48 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



was an Austrian archduchess previous to her marriage 
with King Alfonso in 1879. 

81. Who is prime minister of Spain ? 

Senor Sagasta, the leader of the Spanish Liberals. 




SENOR SAGASTA. 
Premier of Spaix. 

Sagasta is an old and experienced statesman, and .. 
backed in the present cortes, by a large majority The 
opposition consists of factions-conservatives, members 
of the Dynastic Left, (or democrats who accept the 
monarchy) and Republicans. 



IS 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



49 



82. Who is the pretender to the Spanish throne? 

Don Carlos, grandson of Carlos de Bourbon, the sec- 
ond son of Charles IV. The line of the elder brother^ 
Ferdinand VII, is not yet extinct and the claims of the 
Carlist pretenders are founded chiefly on their wishes 
t J reign. 

83. What is Sweden and Norway? See, 54. 




OSCAR II. 
King' OF Sweden and Norway. 

A bipartite state united in the person of the king. They 
have a diplomatic service in common, but in every oth- 
er particular have separate and distinct governments. 

84. Who is King of Sweden and Norway? 

Oscar II, born in 1829, third son of Oscar I. Suc- 

SWEDEN.— Population (1884^4,644,448; army, (peace footing) 38,8U 
men and 1,734 officers, (war footing), 176,954 men; navy, 54 war vess-^is 
14 of these iron-clads, 6.000 officers and men, and reserve of 35,000 
Revenue, (1885) $33,876,350; expenditure, $33,653,610; debt, all for rail- 
ways, $63,945,945. 

Norway.— Population, 1.935.001: army, 18,000 men; navy, 47 steam- 
ers, 4 being iron-clads. Revenue, (1885) $11,633,865; expenditure, (1885) 
$10,896,840; debt, (1884) $29,973,320. 



50 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

ceeded his brother, Carl XV, in 1872. Married, in 1857, 
Sophia, daughter of the duke of Nassau. 

Heir Apparent. — Prince Gustaf, duke of Wermland. Eld- 
est son of the king, born in 1858, and married in 1881 to a 
daughter of the grand duke of Baden. 

85. What is the government of Sweden? 

A limited monarchy in which the executive power is 
vested in the king, and the legislative power in the king 
and parliament of two houses. Both houses of parlia- 
ment are elected by the people, but the members of the 
upper house are chosen indirectly through provincial 
and municipal assemblies. 

86. Who is prime minister of Sweden.? 

Oskar R. Themptander, appointed in May, 1884. 

87. What is the government of Norway? 

It is very similar to that of Sweden, but has a more 
liberal basis, inasmuch as the king in Norway has no 
absolute veto on legislation, but only a temporary one. 
The storthing, or parliament, is elected by the people, 
and by its own action re-adjusts itself as a congress of 
two houses, a senate being formed of one-four'h of the 
house. 

38. Who is prime minister? 

John Sverdrup, the head of the Liberal party. 

89. When did the Liberals come into power? 

In 1884 they secured their first ministry. Previous 
to this, they had for many years had a large majority in 
the storthing, but it was only by impeachment and af- 
ter a protracted trial that they secured the dismissal of 
the Conservative cabinet. The victory was important 
as it established the principle of the responsibility of 
the ministry to the majority m the storthing. 

90. What is the government of Switzerland ? -5*^^^. 
42-44. 



Switzerland.— Population. (1880) 2,846,102; army, (war footing) 
215,000 men. Itevenue,(l883) $8,076,060; expenditure, (1883) $8,561,940. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 51 

A federation of small cantons or states. The cantons 
vary in size and contain from 20,000 to 150,000 inhabit- 
ants. The government resembles that of the United 
States in the selection of its house of representatives 
and senate. Its president is elected annually by the 
federal assembly. 

91. Who is now president of Switzerland? 

Dr. A. Denchar, of the canton of Thurgau, elected 
Jan, I, 1S86, for the term of one year. 

92. What are the other sovereign states of Europe.? 
There are no other strictly sovereign states. There 

are several dependent or minor states, of more or less 
importance. Of these the first is Bulgaria. 

93. What is Bulgaria, and to what state is it subject.? 
Bulgaria is a principality, established by the common 

direction of the European powers, and nominally sub- 
ject to Turkey. In effect, howevei, she is not depend- 
ent upon Turkey, but upon the good will and protection 
of the powers. 

94. What is her form of government.? Sec. 148. 
The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. 

The prince is elected for life, through a constituent 
assembly and in him the executive power is vested. 
The legislative power exists in achamber of two houses, 
partly elected by the people and partly appointed by 
the crown. 

95. Who is prince of Bulgaria.? 

There is now a vacancy, caused by the interference 
of the Russian czar, who secured the abdication of 
prince Alexander. The late prince seems to have been 
very popular, aid there is no doubt that he would be 
recalled, but for fear of Russian interference. A new 
prince is to be elected by the assembly, but the election 

Bulgaria.— Population, 2 000.000; army,80,000 men on the warfoot- 
ing-, and in time of peace 24 battalions with 80 guns. Public revenue 
51883^ $6,177,390; expenditure, $6,177,390. 



52 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

must be confirmed by the European powers, before the 
candidate can be installed. 

96. What right have the powers to interfere ? 
Bulgaria, being based on the act of the powers at the 

Berlin Congress of 187 8, is maintained by general treaty. 
The recent revolution, by which Bulgaria was united to 
the Turkish province of Roumelia, was in violation of 
the Berlin treaty, and first gave Russia an excuse for 
interfering. The powers, though they condoned the 
union, and also the subsequent dethronement of Prince 
Alexander, have declared against further interference 
on the part of Russia, and in favor of the semi-inde- 
pendence of Bulgaria. 

97. What are the other dependent slates of Europe? 
The re[ ublics of San Marino and Andorra. These 

are small communities, the first in North Italy, the oth- 
er in the Pyrenees mountains between France and 
Spain. Both have for some centuries enjoyed the right 
of self-government, under the supervision of the neigh- 
boring states, 

AFRICA. 

98. What are the countries of Africa? 

There are no African states of international import- 
ance- North Africa contains Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, 
Tripoli, and Egypt, but of these Morocco is the only 
state that can make any pretensions to sovereignty. 
Central Africa contains Abyssinia, the Congo Free State, 
Liberia, and Zanzibar. South Africa is of more import- 
ance, but its chief settlements are the British colonies. 
Outside of these the Transvaal Republic and the Orange 
Free State are the only countries worth mentioning, but 
they have no international significance. 

99. What is the government of Morocco? Sec. 127. 
An Islamic despotism, in which the sultan has all 

spiritual and temporal power, and administers the gov- 
ernment according to his own caprice. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 53 

TOO. What are Algiers and Tunis? 

Dependencies of France, governed by appointees of 
the French government. 

10 r. What is Tripoli? 

A dependency of Turkey, governed by an hereditary 
chief, who pays tribute to the Turkish porte. 

102, How is Egypt governed? Sec. 146. 




MOHAMMED TEWFIK. 
Khedive of Egypt. 

Egypt is, like Bulgaria, under the general protection 
of the European powers. It is now occupied by mili- 
tary forces of Great Britain, and its affairs are adminis- 
tered under British supervision. Nominally it is under 
the protection of Turkey, but this suzerainty is suspend- 
ed during the British occupation. 

103. What is the form of government? 

The form of government is a limited monarchy. The 
legislative power is in the hands of a ministerial council, 
subject to the approval of a representative council, part- 
ly appointed and partly elected. But in case of a dis- 
pute, the decision will rest with the Khedive. 

Egypt.— Population, (1882) 6.806,381. including Upper Eg-ypt,ll,O0O,00O. 
Revenue, (1881) $5i,621,350; expenditure, (1881) $51,930,400; consolidat- 
ed debt, (1883) $477,500,000; floating debt, (1883) $81,149,365. 



54 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

104. Who is the Khedive of Egypt? 
Mohammed Tewfik, born Nov. 19, 1852,5011 of Ismail 

I,succeeded to the throne on the abdicationof his father 
in 1879. 

Heir Apparent. —Abbas Effendi, son of the Khedive, born 
in 1874. 

105. What is the government of Abyssinia } 

A despotism, limited only by the ability of the king 
to enforce his will. 

106. Who is the king.^ 

John II, who came into power in 1872, after the pre- 
vious king, Theodore, had perished in 1867, in the 
struggle to withstand British invasion. The country 
fell into much disorder after Theodore's death, conten- 
tions between the various tribes of the country being 
frequent. At last a chief of one of these, conquering the 
others, united them in one rule, and made himself King 
of Abyssinia under the name of John. 

107. What is the government of Zanzibar.? 
Zanzibar is an Islamic despotism, founded on the 

teachings of the Koran, in which the sultan is absolute 
and supreme. 

108. Who is the present sultan? 

Said Bars:ash-ben-Said, an Arabian, the brother of 
the present ruler of Muscat. Twenty years ago, he 
conquered the cointry and was recognized as its ruler. 

109. To whom is Zanzibar subject? 

By recent treaty, Zanzibar was forced to concede 
suzerainty to Germany, the occasion of conquest being 
the acquisition of adjacent territory by a German com- 
mercial company. The sultan of Zanzibar objected, 
claiming the country as his own, but was forced to con- 
cur, and also to acknowledge allegiance to Germany. 
Vol. F, 89, 64, 152. 

no. What is the Congo Free State? 

A quasi-commercial enterprise, established under 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 55 

the direct protection of Belgium, and by the consent of 
the European powers. A large portion of the interior 
of Africa is given up to the direction of this company, 
but no trade monopoly is allowed. Since the country is 



HENRY M. STANLEY. 

regarded as unhealthy for white men, no extensive im- 
migration can be expected, but a railroad wiU soon con- 
nect the upper Congo with the seaboard and trade will 
be extended to all branches of the river. 

1 1 1. Who is the founder and general manager of this 
enterprise? 



56 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

Henry M. Stanley, the noted explorer and traveler. 
Stanley was a native of Denbigh, Wales, where his 
younger years were passed in great poverty. His r^al 
name was John Rowland. Ai the age of fifteen he ran 
away to sea, and going to New OrleariS,was there helped 
and befriended by a wealthy gentleman, and to show 
his gratitude the boy took his benefactor's name. He 
enlisted in the Confederate service, but was taken pris- 
oner, and then became a sailor in the United States 
navy. Daring ihe war, he began newspaper correspond- 
ence with success. He was sent by the New York 
Herald to report the British invasion of Abyssinia in 
1867-68, in 1870-72 went in search of Dr. Livingstone, 
in 1874 78, and again in 1880-83, explored the Congo 
river. 

1 12. What is the government of Liberia.? Sec. 39. 

It is a federation, modeled on the United States. It 
was founded by the American Colonization Society, as 
a home for American freedmen. The government is an 
admitted failure, and its affairs are in chronic disorder. 

113. What are the British colonies .> 

The Cape of Good Hope Colony, and the Colony of 
Natal. There are other crown colonies in South Africa, 
but these are the only two that have any powers of 
self-government. 

114. How are the affairs of Cape Colony managed.? 
By a parliament and a responsible ministry. The 

executive power is vested in a governor and executive 
council appointed by the crown, and the legislative in 
two houses elected by the people. 

115. Who is the present governor of Cape Colony ? 
Sir H. G. Robinson, appointed in 1880. 

116. What can be said of the administration of Cape 
Natal ? 

The colony is governed by a crown-appointed governor, 
and a legislature of one house, containing thirteen ap- 
pointed and fifteen elected members. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



57 



117. Who is the present governor? 

Sir Henry Ernest Bulwer, appointed in 1882. 

II 8* How is the Orange Free State governed Sec 9c 




RANAVALONA III. 
Queen of Madagascar. 

It is a republic, its affairs administered by a president 
and an assembly of one house — the volksraad — botl 
elected by the people. 

119. Who is now the president? 



58 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

Sir John H. Brand, elected in 1883 for a term of five 
years. 

120. What can be said of the Transvaal? 

It has a similar government to that of the Orange 
Free State. It has a volksraad, similarly elected, and a 
president for a like term. 

121. Who is president of the Transvaal.'* 

S. J. Paul Kruger, elected in 1883 for five years. 

122. What can be said of the government of the 
island of Madagascar.? 

The government of Madagascar was changed from a 
tribal rule to a despotism in 18 10 when Rahama, a 
chief of the Hovas, one oT the tribes, became ruler of 
the entire island. Christianity has since been intro- 
duced into the island, and missionaries have done much 
toward civilizing the people. The sovereign has a coun- 
cil of advisers, but the royal will is supreme in every 
case. 

123. Who is the present sovereign of Madagascar? 
Queen Ranavalona III, who came to the throne in 

July, 1883. She is the neice of her predecessor. Queen 
Ranavalona II, who named her as successor, after which 
she was formally elected to the position. According to 
a custom of the country, on coming to the throne she 
married the prime minister of the kingdom — Raimlalar- 
ivono — who had also been the husband of the-preced- 
ing queen. 

ASIA, 

124. What are the countries of Asia? 

Besides the colonies and dependencies of European 
powers, there are Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Siam, 
China and Japan. 

125. What is the government of Turkey? Sec. 123. 



Turkey.— Population, (in Europe and Asia) 20.991,000. Revenue, 
1884) about, 172,500,000; expenditure, unknown; debt, (1885) about) 
$461,129,135. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



59 



^ The Turkish Empire, or Osmanli Vilayet, is a despot 
ism, based on the precepts of the Koran. The state 
and church are allied, the sultan having been, for sev- 
eral hundred years, the calif or acknowledged head of 




ABDUL HAM ID. 
Sultan of Turkey. 

the church. The will of the monarch is absolute, when 
not contrary to the precepts of the prophet. The form 
of the government is essentially military. Having de- 
veloped from the rule of the conquering invader, it has 
never received any of the forms of civil administration. 



6o RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

126. Who is the sultan of Turkey? 

Abdul Hamid II, born in 1842, who came into power 
in 1876, on the deposition of his brother. 

Heir Apparent, — Mehemmed Reschad Effendi,brother of 
the sultan, and next in succession according to the laws of the 
Koran. 

127. What is the Sublime Porte? 

Virtually, the cabinet of the sultan, consisting of his 
ministers of different departments, appomted by himself 
and individually responsible to him only. The porte 
administers the government subject to the sultan's will. 

1 28. What is the government of Persia? 

Also an Islamic despotism, with even less concession 
to civilized forms than that of Turkey. The executive 
power is administered by a divan, or council of seven 
members, which, like the sublime porte of Turkey, sim- 
ply carries out the sovereign will. 

129. Who is shah of Persia? 

Nassr-ed-Din, born in 1829, and succeeded his father 
in 1848. 

Heir Apparent.— Muza£fer-ed-Din, eldest son of the shah, 
born in 1850. 

130. What is the government of Afghanistan? 

Still another form of Islamic despotism. The ameer 
claims authority over a number of turbulent tribes, 
which he governs partly by military force and partly 
by intri ue. 

131. Who is the Ameer of Afghanistan ? 
Abdurrahman Khan, who came into power in 1880. 

He Mas a nephew of Shere Ali, the ruler who resisted 
the British invasion so stoutly, and was finally driven 
into exile, where he died. Shere AH's son, Yakoob 

Persia.— Populition estimated, 7,653,600. Revenue in cash, (about) 
$15,000,000; revenue in kind, $1,500,000 ;expenditure,(about)$13,75U,000. 

Afghanistan.— Population, (estimated) about 4,000.000. Revenue 
of the Ameer reckoned at $3,000,0U0, with a subsidy from the Indian 
govt. $600,000. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 



6i 



Khan, manifesting little strength of mind or character, 
the British deposed him and set up his cousin in his 
stead. 

132. What are the Ameer's relations to Great Britain^ 




ABDURRAHMAN KHAN. 
Ameer of Afghanistan. 

He has made an offensive and defensive alliance 
with Great Britain, for the sake of protecting his country 
from an invasion by Russia from the north. Afghanistan 
lies in the path between Russia and British India and 
its conquest is undoubtedly a part of Russia's plans. 
So far, however, Russia's advance has been checked by 
British diplomacy. 



62 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

133. What can be said of the comparative extent and 
importance of the Russian and British possessions in 
Asia? 

Asiatic Russia, including Siberia and the Trans- 
Caucasian provinces, is more than five times as large- 
as British India, but in point of commercial importanc<t 
the British possessions far outrank those of India. The 
opium trade alone netted a profit to the government, in 
1884, 0^^7,7015811. In the same year, the excess in 
value of exports over imports tor the Indian provinces 
was about ;^ 18,400,000. 

134. How is Siberia governed? 

By appointees of the Russian Czar. The country is 
divided into two vice-royalties, each ruled by a govern- 
or general, and these into provinces, and further into 
districts, all officials, even to the lowest, receiving au- 
thority directly from the government at St. Petersburg. 

135. How is British India gcg/erned? 

The government of British India may be divided into 
two parts, that carried on in the country, and that con- 
ducted in the colonial office of Great Britain. In Lon- 
don, a Secretary of State for India, and a council ap. 
pointed by the government, supervise the managemerA 
of Indian affairs, while the actual administration in Ik 
dia is entrusted to a viceroy and council, both appointed 
by the British government and in no way responsible to 
the natives. 

136. Who is now governor-general or viceroy of In- 
dia? 

Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Karl of Duf- 
ferin. He is a diplomat of extensive experience, and 
has been in public life for thirty years. He went to 
India in 1884. 

137. What country of Asia has been recently annexed 
by Great Britain? Vol. V^pp. 164, 172, 179. 

Upper Burmah, a wide extent of country between 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 63 

China and India, was annexed, after a brief war, early 
in 1886. 

138. What is the government of Ceylon? 

Ceylon is a crown colony, its assembly composed of 
an executive council of five, and a legislative council of 
fifteen members, being controlled by a governor ap- 
pointed and directed by the home government. 

139. To what does the island of Java belong? 

This island is a dependency of the Netherlands, and is 
ruled by a governor-general and council appointed by 
that country. 

140. What possessions have the French in Asia? 
The eastern part of the peninsula of Cochin China, 

including Tonquin, Anam, Saigon and Cambodia, is oc- 
cupied by a French army and despotically governed by 
French officers. 

14T. What can be said of the government cf China? 
Sec. 131. 

The government of China is a patriarchal despotism, 
and is identical with Confucianism, the state religion, 
the emperor being high priest, and the state officials the 
priesthood. But though theoretically despotic, Chinese 
government is subject to a constitution, made up of the 
principUs and precedents of former dynasties. 

142. Who is the emperor o^ China? 

Tsai-tien, who was born in 1872, and succeeded the 
emperor Tung-che m 1875, by adoption of the empress 
dowager and the empress regent. In February, 1886, 
he married and succeeded to the royal power, which dur- 
ing his minority had been held by the two empresses — 
the mother and widow of the previous ruler. 

143. What is the special significance of the emperor's 
coming into power? 

The young emperor is favorably inclined to the for- 
eign party, which is desirous of introducing the customs 
of western civilization into Chinese life, and of securing 



64 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

the friendship and alliance of other nations. Various 
signs, notably the recent completion of the first railroad 
of the empire, show that some remarkable changes may 
be impending in this conservative ountry. 
144. Who is Li Hung Chang? 




LI HUNG CHANG. 

Li Hung Chang is the viceroy of the imperial province 
of Cheelee, and holds in relation to the government the 
same position as the minister of foreign affairs in con- 
stitutional countries. The fact that he is favorably dis- 

China.— Popnlation, (estimated) about 25,000,000. The army at its 
full streng-th would number about 1,300,000 men, but only a small part 
is from time to time enrolled. Tte navy consists of numerous g-un-ves- 
sels, built at home, and several iron-clads of European manufacture. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



65 



posed toward progress and western civilization makes 
his position an important one. 

145. What can be said of the government of Japan ? 
Sec, 133. 




MUTSU HITO, 
Mikado of Japan. 

Japan has of recent years projected a great alteration in 
her government. It is now in a period of change from 

Japan.— Population, a883) 36,700,118. Army, (peace footing,) 51,881 
men, mwar^is increased to 68,880;the navy has 31 ves8els,fiveof them 
iron-clads. Estimated revenue, 163,036,625; debt, (1885) $371,190,230. 



66 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

a despotism to a constitutional monarchy, and this change 
is brought about, not by the people, but by the generosity 
of the ruler of the country. In i88],the announcement 
was made by the Mikado, that a constitutional repre- 
sentative assembly would besummonedin 1890, to begin 
the work of legislation. 

146. What is the present form of government? 

It is administered through an executive ministry. 
There is a senate of thirty members and an assembly 
of an unlimited number of members, all of these being 
appointed by the Mikado, and consulted by him at his 
pleasure. 

147. Who is the Mikado of Japan ? 

Mutsu Hito, who succeeded to the position on his 
father's death in i867. At that time, the real ruler of 
the country was the Shiogun, or Tycoon, who was the 
generalissimo of the army. In 1868, there was a revo- 
lution against the tyranny exercised by the Tycoon, he 
was overthrown, and since then, Japan has enjoyed the 
blessings of peace and a generally equitable government. 

148- What is the government of Siam.? 

A most absolute despotism, ruled by the king and 
his appointees. The church is united with the power of 
the state as in China. 

J 49. Who is king of Si am ? 

ChulalouKoru I. who succeeded to power in 1868. 

Heir Apparent.— Prince Somdect Chowfa, eldest son of 
the king, born June 23, 1878. 

i5<^. Do these comprise all the Asian States? 

There is besides the little country of Corea on the 
peninsula of the same name, which enjoys the distinction 
of being the most isolated and least known country on 
the globe. Beyond the fact that its government is a 

SiAM.— Population, (about) .5,700,000. There is a standing army in 
the form of militia, every male inhabitant of the kingdom being ob- 
liged to serve therein four months in each year. The navy consists 
of four steam corvettes and twelve gunboats, officered by Europeans. 
Kevenue and expenditure each, about $6,000,000. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 67 

despotism, scarcely anything is known of its institutions. 
The two states of Sarawak and Brunei, on the island of 
Borneo, are also properly included with Asiatic countries. 
The former is ruled by Sir Chas. J. Brooke, as rajah, 
whose absolute power is used most benevolently for the 
good of the natives. Brunei has a number of small tribes, 
each with a chief, over whom one, as sultan, has a 
general control. 

AUSTRALASIA AND THE PACIFIC 
ISLANDS. 

I 'I. What are the governments of Australia.? 

The continent of Australia is divided among five Brit- 
ish colonies, New South Wales, Queensland, South Aus- 
tralia, Victoria and Western Austraha. All of these 
colonies possess governments responsible to the popular 
assembly, subject to a governor appointed by the British 
crown, and to an absolute veto power over legislation, 
exercised by the British government. 

152. What is the government of New South Wales.? 
Sec. 157. 

The executive power is vested in the governor and 
the legislative power in a council and an assembly, 
these two bodies composing the colonial parliament. 
The governor and council are appointed by the crown 
and the assembly elected by universal manhood suffrage. 
In practice the government is democratic, as the assem- 
bly is all powerful, making and unmaking the ministry 
at its pleasure. The council has, practically, only a 
limited veto on legislation. 

153- Who is governor of this colony.? 

Lord Augustus William Spencer Loftus, appointed in 
1879. 

154. How is Queensland governed.? Sec. 161, 
The government of Queensland is very like that of 
New South Wales, of which colony it originally formed 
a part. A governor and council are appointed by the 



68 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

crown, but the representative assembly, through the 
colonial ministry, controls the government. 

155, Who is governor of Queensland? 

Sir Anthony Musgrove, appointed in 1883. 

1.56- What is the government of South Australia? 
Sec 160. 

In the government of South Australia, the members 
of the legislative council are elected by the people,albe- 
it for a longer term and subject to a property qualifica- 
tion for electors. The assembly is chosen by popular 
suffrage. 

157. Who is the governor of this colony? 

Sir William C. F. Robinson, appointed in 1882, 

158. What is the government of Victoria? Sec. 159. 

By the constitution of Victoria, the legislative author- 
ity is vested in a parliament of two chambers — both 
chosen by the people — and the executive power in a 
governor appointed by the crown. In the election of 
the upper house, a property qualification is demanded 
both for members and electors, but in the choice of the 
lower house the suffrage is not so restricted. 

159. Who is governor of Victoria? 

Sir Henry Brougham Loch, appointed in 1884. 

160. How is Western Australia governed? 

By a governor and legislative council of one chamber. 
The former is appointed by the crown; the latter partly 
appointed and partly elected subject to a property qual- 
ification. 

161. Who is at present governor? 

Sir Frederick Napier Broome, appointed in 1882. 

162. What is the government of Tasmania? Sec. 162. 
The island of Tasmania is a British colony, governed 

by a crown-appointed governor and a parliament (of 

Australia.— Population (of all the colonies, 1884) 3,538,196. Amount 
of revenue for all, $111,437,055, expenditure for all, $103,395,330. Pub- 
lic debt, $489,730,330. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 69 

two houses) of its own choosing, (The governor is Sir 
G. Cumine Strahan, appointed in 1880.) 

163. How is New Zealand governed? Sec. 163. 

By a governor r.nd parUament of two houses. As in 
several of the other colonies, the members of the upper 
house, as well as the governor, are appointed by the 
crown, but since the ministry is responsible to the peo- 
ple's representatives in the lower house, the government 
is none the less democratic. (Sir William F. 1). Jervois 
is the present governor, having been appointed to the 
post in 1882.) 

164. Are these colonies politically united otherwise 
than as common subjects to Great Britain? V. IV, p. 20. 

Yes, in 1884 they united in a confederation for the 
better protection of their common interests, A federal 
council was established with power to legislate,but with 
no administrative or executive powers. 

165. What led to the formation of this council? 
Chiefly a desire to secure the annexation of adjacent 

islands, and to prevent other nations from acquiring the 
same. Also to prevent further transportation of con- 
victs into their neighborhood. 

1 66. What other nations were seeking to annex islands 
in their vicinity? 

Germany and France. Germany has annexed the 
upper coast of east New Guinea, with the adjoining isl- 
ands of New Ireland and New Britain. France, pos- 
sessed of New Caledonia,seeks to acquire the New Heb- 
rides. 

167. What is the objection to these neighbors? 

The fear of the establishment of new penal settle- 
ments on these islands. France has long had a penal 
colony on New Caledonia, and would doubtless use the 
New Hebrides for the same purpose. Against Germany 
the colonies can bring no direct charge of such intent, 
as she has as yet, no penal colonies in Melanesia, but 
they apprehend the worst, and desire to exclude a 



7o 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



neighbor who may prove disagreeable if not dangerous. 
1 68. What was Germany's contest over the CaroUne 
islands? 



Yap I. 



Matelotas Is. . 



\ or 

^t MARIANA 
\Seypan I. 
Tinian I." J^I'AjYDS 
o Guahan I. 



Halcyon I. 



^'~'^... <s 



^%^7>>'^ 



C^. 



:St. Andre rs^, ^ Slvedc Is'.S ,>,.-,' . - .• , 

Hocjolenl'Is^^ ^ ° I&\ jj\aanl. 

Mortlock Is. 






,,^e«F 



Admiralty 

Is. a- 



Fqnaitor 



Kcils. *<Xi:,»-'wv- 

oa^V NEW 

Arrtc Is. /v 

Arafara „ jo*-* 
Sea Torris strait 



SALOMON 






Crbrfc 

fe TACTFTC 



^iXCM>iseul 




NEW GUINEA AND THE CAROLINE ISLANDS. 

Germany desired to annex these islands, but Spain 
alleged a prior claim, and the matter being referred to 
arbitration, Spain secured possession of most of the 
group. 

169. What claim has Germany on the Samoan isl- 
ands.? 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 71 

In the case of the Samoan islands, Germany contends 
both with Great Britain and the United States, and has, 
by presistent aggression, secured more than equal rights 
with these nations, 

17c. What is the government of Hawaii? 

The government is a Umited monarchy, with a house 
of peers appointed by the king, and a house of repre- 
sentatives elected by the people. 

171. Who the king of Hawaii? 

Kalakaua I, elected king by parliament, Feb- 12,1874. 

Heiress Apparent. — Princess Lydia, eldest sister of the 
king, married to John O. Dominis, governor of one of the Ha- 
waiian islands. 

SOUTH AMEBIC A. 

172. What are the governments of South America? 
Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, 

Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 

173. What is the Argentine Republic? Sec. ^6. 

A federation of fourteen states, whose government is 
obviously modeled on that of the United States. The 
constitution is unmistakably a close imitation of our 
federal organic law. In some few matters a change is 
made, and in practice the working of the government is 
altogether different. 

174. Who is president of the Argentine Republic? 

Dr. Miguel Juarez Celman, elected Oct. 12, 1886, for 
six years. 

175. What is the government of Bolivia? Sec. 69. 
Theoretically, it is a unified republic ; practically, it 



Argentine Repubi^ic— Population, (1883)3,036,000. Army consists 
of 7.400 soldiers, in addition to the national ^uard of 300,000 men. 
Public revenue, (1884) f ;31,336,6.>5; expenditure (1884) $33,694,490. Debt 
(1883), including local debt, $134,673,500. 

Bolivia.— Population, (estimated) 3,335,000. Army about 6,000 men. 
Public revenue, (1881) $3,465,790: expenditure, (1881) $4,799,335; debt, 
(1881), including railway debt, $31,935,000. 



72 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



is a despotism, the president exercising dictatorial pow- 
ers, A congress of two houses is maintained, but the 
power of the dictator enables him to control the elec- 
tions, and have none but his own friends in parliament. 
176. Who is now dictator? 




DOM PEDRO II. 
Emperor of Brazil. 



Senor don Gregorio Pacheco,elected by the assembly 
in 1884. 

1 77. What is the government of Brazil.'* Sec. 98. 

A constitutional monarchy, styled an empire. The 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 73 

legislative power is exercised by a parliament of two 
houses; the lower house being chosen by the direct vote 
of the people, and the upper house selected by the em- 
peror from nominees offered by the people's represent- 
atives in electoral college. The senators hold office for 
life ; the representatives for four years only. The gov- 
ernment is administered by a cabinet responsible to the 
parliament. 

178. Who is emperor of Brazil? 

Dom Pedro II, born in 1825, the son of the first Bra- 
zilian emper(>r,and grandson of King John of Portugal. 
He succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his 
father in 1831, was crowned ten years later, married in 
1843 a daughter of the king of Sicily. 

Heiress Presumptive. — Princess Isabel, daughter of the 
emperor, born in 1846 and married in 1864 to Prince Louis of 
Orleans. 

179. What is the goveinment of Chili? Sec. d-^. 

A centralized republic. The legislative power is vested 
in a congress of two houses,a senate chosen by indirect 
election, and a chamber of deputies elected by popular 
suffrage. The executive power is wielded by the pres- 
ident, subject to the approval of his cabinet officers. 
This power is very great, as the entire government, local 
as well as national, is carried on by the appointees of 
the administration. 

180. Who is president of Chili? 

Don Jose Manuel Balmaceda, elected in 1886 for a 
term of five years. 

181. What is the government of Colombia? Sec. 30- 



Brazil.— Population, (1885) 10,200,000. Army, 13,503 men on a peace 
footing. Navy, 36 vessels of which 10 are iron-clads, in addition to 13 
g-un -boats and 8 torpedo boats. Public revenue, (1884-85) $66,534,70 *; 
expenditure, $75,737,010; debt, (1884), including paper currency, 
$431,584,400. 

Chili —Population, (1882) 3,115, 340. Array, 7.100 men and 1,037 offic- 
ers, with a national guard of 51,816. Navv, 11 vessels, 3 of them iron- 
clads, manned by 3.335 men. Revenue, (1885) $37,779,705; expenditure 
$36,848,44J; debt, (1884), including railway debt, $87,644,630. 



74 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

A federation originally modelled on that of the United 
States. Since the recent rebellion, however, the con- 
stitution has been revised and the powers of govern- 
ment centralized, so that the states are little more than 
provinces. A national government is carried on by a 
pre ident and congress. The congress consists of a 
senate of three members from each state, and a house 
of representatives chosen by universal suffrage. 

182. Who is president of Colombia? 
Raphael Nunez, chosen in 1884. 

183. What is the government of Ecuador.? Sec. 71. 
Ecuador is a unified or integral state ; its government 

is nominally republican, but in practice has been des- 
potic. Since the overthrow of Dictator Veintemilla> 
in 1883, the people have more vigilantly guarded their 
liberties, and the congress (of two houses) shares the 
government with the president. 

184. Who is president of Ecuador.? 

Jose Maria Placido Caamano, elected for four years in 
1883. 

185. What is the government of Paraguay? Sec. 82. 
A centralized republic, governed by a president and 

congress of two hovses elected directly by the people. 
Theoretically at least, the government is a liberal one. 

186. Who is president of Paraguay? 

Gen. Escobar, elected in September, 1886. 

187. What is the government of Peru? 

Since its war with Chili in 1882-83. Peru has been 
almost in a state of anarchy. At present, however, one 
of the pretenders to the government has secured the 

U. S. OF Colombia.— Population, (estimated) 4,000,000. Army (stand- 
ing) 8,000; navy, none. Revenue, (1884-t<5) ^5,864, 750;expenditure, (1884- 
85) ^7,865,670; debt, (1885) $19,811,380. 

Ecuador.— Population, (estimated)l,000,000. R evenue,(1885)Sl,847,890 
expenditure, $2,4:^1,400; debt, $18,183,750. 

Paraguay.— Population. 476,000. Revenue, (about) $350,000; Expen" 
diture, (about) $350,000: debt, uncertain, no interest paid. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



75 



upper hand and the civil constitution is supposed to be 
in force. By it the executive power is vested in a pres- 
ident elected by the congress. This body is composed 
of two houses, a senate representing the provincial coun- 




DON GUZMAN BLANCO, 

President of Venezuela, 

cils, and a house, nominally chosen by the direct vote 
of the people. In practice, both houses contain only 
those whom the party in power sees fit to admit. 

Peru —Population, (estimated) 2,970,000. Army was about 6,000 
men, but was nearly annihilated by war with Chili. Revenue, (lOiT) 
$13,541,475; expenditure, $13,083,790; debt, (about) $215,000,000. 

Uruguay.— Population, (1883) 530,536. Army, 2,500 men. Revenue, 
(1883) $11,677,790; expenditure,(1883) $11,626,210; debt, $64,864 675. 



76 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

1 88. Who is now at the head of the government in 
Peru? 

Gen. Caceres, elected in April, 1886, 

189. What is the government of Uruguay)? Sec. 84. 

A republic very similar in its constitution to the neigh- 
boring state of Paraguay. The parliament of two hous- 
es is chosen by the direct vote of the people, the suf- 
frage being given to all male adults who can read and 
write. 

190. Who is president of Uruguay? 
Mascun o Tages, elected in November, 1886. 

191. What is the government of Venezuela? Sec. ^iZ- 
Venezuela is a federation of states united by their 

own choice, and reserving to themselves most of the at- 
tributes of sovereignty. As in our own country, under 
the articles of confederation, the laws passed by the fed- 
eral congress are administered by state officers. The 
congress consists of a senate representing the states, and 
a house representing the people. The president of Ven- 
ezuela is chosen by a federal council of sixteen, which 
is in its turn selected by the congress. 

192. Who is president of Venezuela? 

Guzman Blanco, elected in March, 1886. This re- 
markable man has for the last ten years so far controlled 
political affairs in his country that the government has 
been practically administered by him. 

NORTH AMERICA, 

193. What are the countries of North America? 
Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicara- 

gua,San Salvador, San Domingo and Hayti, Mexico and 
the United States, 

194. What is Canada? Sec, 152. 

Venezuela.— Population,(1883) 3,131,988. Revenue, $9,363,500 : expen- 
diture, the same; debt, $51,773,170. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



77 



A dependency of Great Britain, consisting of a num- 
ber of British provinces united under a federal govern- 
ment. The governor general of Canada is appointed by 
the crown and has a veto on all legislation. He has al- 
so the power to appoint for life,the members of the Can- 




MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE, 
Governor General of Canada. 

adian senate. The government,however, is carried on by 
a ministry responsible to the house of commons, which 
is elected by the people. 

194. Who is governor general of Canada.? 



78 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

Henry Charles Keith Petty FitzMaurice, marquis of 
Lansdowne, appointed in 1883. 

195. Who is prime minister of Canada? 

Sir John Alexander MacDonald, born in 1815 ; was 
first prime minister from 1867 to 1873 and returned to 
power in 1878 as head of the present ccuncil. 

196. How is the local government carried on? 

By the provincial councils through their respective 
ministries. The lieutenant governors of these provinces 
are appointed by the governor general and. exercise a 
veto power over legislation. 

197. What is the position of Newfoundland? Sec.i^df. 
Newfoundland has not yet secured her own consent 

to enter the Canadian dominion, though provision for 
her admission was made in the original parliamentary 
act uniting the North American provinces. The little 
colony therefore receives its governor direct from Eng- 
land, and makes its own laws through a colonial assem- 
bly. 

198. Has the colonial government jurisdiction on the 
west coast? 

Until 1886, the west coast of Newfoundland was re- 
served to the French fishermen by the treaty of 17 13. 
The colonial government had no jurisdiction there; the 
country was subject only to the occasional supervision 
of French ships of war doing police duty on the coast, 
and English or other foreigners were, or might be,driven 
out as intruders. But by the Anglo-French treaty of 
1886, the En Jish are permitted to establish industries 
at the harbors and to share some of the fishery rights. 
The colonial government also participates in the duty 
of keeping the peace. 

199. What other Canadian provinces desire to equal 
Newfoundland in independence? 

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. These provinces 

Can V DA.— Population, (1881) 4,334,810. Army, (active militia) 37,(X)0 
men; (reserve), 655,000. Revenue, (1885) $34,163,245; expenditure, 
^36,496,940; net public debt $304,591,345. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 79 

joined the dominion of their own accord, but, for the 
past few years, have regretted their union with Canada, 
believing that their interests would be better served if 
their government were administered altogether by their 
provincial parliaments. 

200. What is the government of Costa Rica? 
Costa Rica is one of the small republics into which 

Central America was divided by the break down of its 
federal government. Costa Rica is governed by a con- 
gress of one chamber chosen by electoral assemblies 
representing the people, and by a president selected in 
the same manner. The suffrage is limited to those who 
are able to "live respectably." 

201 . Who is president of this state ? 

Gen. Don Bernardo Soto, elected in March, 1885. 

202. What is the government of Guatemala "^ Sec. 75. 
A republic governed by a president and an assembly of 

one house. The powers of government are very cen- 
tralized and the president, elected by the people for six 
years, has almost absolute control of political affairs. 

203. Who is president of Guatemala.? 
Gen. Don M. L. Barillas, elected in 1885. 

204. What position does Guatemala hold in Central 
American affairs.? 

Guatemala is looked upon with jealousy and dread 
by the neighboring states. The fact that the last pres- 
ident of Guatemala projected the conquest of the other 
Central American states was sufficient to unite these 
states in their own defense, and since then there has 
been a demand for the division or subjection of the more 
powerful country. 

205. What is the government of Honduras.? Se:. 75. 

Costa Rica.— Population, (estimated) 180,000. Public revenue, 
$2,867,170; expenditure, $2,961,110; debt, (1880) including- railway debt, 
$20,000,000. 

Guatemala.— Population, (1884) 1,278,311. Revenue,a884)|7,685,000; 
expenditure, $7,490,000; debt, $8,303,060. 



8o RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

A republic with a legislature elected by the people 
and a president (also elected by direct popular vote) 
who has complete control of the executive power, sub 
ject only to the supervision of his council. The state is 
subject to revolutions, and there have been no regular 
presidental elections for a numcer of years. 

206. Who is president of Honduras .^ 

Gen. Luis Bogran,who came into power in 1883. 

207. What is the government of Nicaragua? Sec. 77. 
A republic with a legislature (of two houses) and a 

president,both nominally elected by universal suffrage 
for a fixed term. 

20S. Who is president of this state? 

Dr. Don Adam Cardenas, elected in 1883. 

209. What is the government of San Salvador? Sec.'jZ. 
A republic with a congress of two houses elected by 

popular suffrage, also a president,usually the chief pow- 
er in the state, who should be elected by the people ev- 
ery four years but who has of late been placed in office 
by revolution or by the choice of the army. 

210. Who is the president of San Salvador? 

Gen. Francisco Menendez, who came into power in 
1885. 

211. What is the government of Hayti? Sec. 87. 
Nominally a constitutional republic with a president 

and an assembly of two houses elected by the people; 
in practice, a despotism maintained by the adventurer 
who, for the time being, has obtained control of the army. 

2 12. Who is the head of the government of Hayti? 

Gen. Solomon. 



Honduras.— Population, (about) 458,000. Revenue, (1884) $1,100,000. 
expenditure, same; debt, (interior) $1,000,000; debt and interest, (ex- 
terior) $30,000,000. 

Nicaragua.— Population,(estimated) 400,000. Public revenue,(1884> 

$1,877,795; expenditure, $1,795,875; debt,(all internal) $543,280. 

San Salvador.— Popnlation, (1878) 554,000. Revenue.(1884) $4,117,645; 

expenditure, (1884) $4,077,715; debt, (1883) interior, $3,183,870. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



8i 



213. Whatisthegovernmen'ofSau Domingo ?6'<?<r,8 8. 
A republic, in most respects similar to that of Hayti, 

but the election of both congress and president is in- 
direct. The country, for a long time turbulent, seems 
to have passtd its revolutionary stage and now main- 
tains a regularly elected government. 

214. Who is president of San Domingo? 
Gen. Ulises Henreaux, elected in r886. 




PORFIRIO DIAZ, 

President of Mexico. 

215. How is Mexico governed? Sec. 26. 

The government of Mexico is a federative union 
wherein the local affairs are under the control of the 
state governments, and the matters of national import- 



Mexico 
enue, 



cico.— Population, (estimated) 10,007,0iT0, Army,23,000 men. 
(1885) $37,107,500; expenditure, $34,171,730; debt, $14i2,5CO,000. 



Rev- 



82 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

ance are entrusted to the federal president and congress. 
Until within the last ten years, the country was dis- 
turbed by frequent rebellions and revolutions, and in 
the natural reaction, the central government has been 
allowed to encroach on the rights of tbe states in polit- 
ical affairs. Mexican elections, in these days, are 
generally controlled by the federal government, through 
its appointed officers, and the displacement of the party 
in power seems almost an impossibility. 

216. Who is president of Mexico? 

Porfiri) Diaz, who first came into power by a success- 
ful revolution in 1876, and was installed president for 
four years. The Mexican law forbidding a second con- 
secutive term, Manuel Gonzalez, a personal ally, was 
made president, and at the end of his term, Diaz returned 
to office, having not at any time released his hold on 
the government. 

217. To what is the present prosperity of Mexico 
due? 

Largely to the settled form of government, and to no 
little extent to increased intercourse with the United 
States, by American companies, and the connection of 
Mexican cities with the United States by rail. The 
construction of rail ways has brought in American capital, 
and what is still more essential, American enterprise, to 
develop the resources of the country. 

218. What is the government of the United States? 
A federation ; a duplex form of government, binding 

both the states and the citizens of those states, into one 
national organization. This is the only type of union 
that has ever maintained itself, and since all existing 
federations have looked on the United States as a model, 
it may be justly said that our union is the most perfect 
type of a federative government. 

219. What is the recognized guardian of our federal 
constitution ? 

A federal supreme court, which has always stood 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 83 

between the legislation of the states on the one hand, 
and that of the federal congress, on the other, to pre- 
vent encroachment on the recognized sphere of each 
government. The exaltation of the supreme court to an 
equaUty with the other departments of government is al- 
together peculiar to our form of government. The Span- 




MORRISON R. WAITE, 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 

ish American republics have adopted this feature as well 
as other points of our constitution, but they have never 
permitted the court to remain independent. 

220. To whom is the executive power ip our govern- 
ment intrusted.? 



84 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

To the chief magistrate or president, subject only to 
the approval of the senate in certain cases of appoint- 
ment and in the estabUshment of treaties. 

221. Who is chief justice of the supreme court? 

Morrison R. Waite of Ohio, appointed in 1873. 




S. GROVER CLEVELAND, 
President of the United States. 

222. Who is president of the United States ? 
Grover Cleveland, a man of 57 years of age, a citizen 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



85 



of New York,of which state he was governor two years 
before his election to the presidency in 1884. 

223. Who compose the president's cabinet? 

Secretary of state, Thomas F. Bayard; secretary of the 
treasury, Daniel Manning; secretary of war, William 
C. Endicott; secretary of the navy, William C. Whitney; 
secretary of the interior, L. Q. C. Lamar; postmaster- 
general, William F. Vilas; attorney general, Augustus 
H. Garland. 




THOMAS FRANCIS BAYARD, 

Secretary of State. 

224. Who is vice president of the United States.? 

There is a vacancy in the office of the vice presidency, 

caused by the death of the late Thomas A. Hendricks. 

The succession to the presidency in case of vacancy 

in that office before the end of the term belongs to the 

members of the cabinet in the order above named 



86 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



Secretary Bayard, the first in succession, is well known 
through an able career as United States Senator from 
Delaware. 

225. Who discharges the other duties of the vice 
presidency ? 

The vice president is ex officio chairman of the senate. 
The vacancy caused by Hendricks' death was filled by. 




JOHN SHERMAN, 
President pro tem. of the Senate. 

the senate's choosing a president pro tem. to discharge 
the duties of chairman until the end ofthe official term. 
226. What is the composition ofthe United States 
senate 1 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 87 

The senate, the upper honse in our federal congress, 
is composed of two senators from each state in the union^ 
Its purpose is the equal representation of the states as 
such, as a check upon the acts of a majority of the people. 

227. Who was chosen president pro tem of this body? 

John Sherman, of Ohio. Senator Sherman has been 



JOHN G. CARLISLE, 

Speaker of the House. 

a leader of the Rt} ublican party ever since its organiz- 
ation, has been senator from his state ever since the war, 
with the exception of four years when he served as sec- 
retary of the treasury under President Hayes. He is 
very naturally recognized by nominating conventions as 
a strong candidate for presidential honors, 

228. What is the lower or popular house of congress ? 



S8 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



The house of representatives, chosen by the people in 
congressional districts into which each state is divided. 

229. Who is the speaker of the house of representa- 
tives. 

John G. Carlisle, of Kentucky. Mr. Carlisle is a com- 
paratively young man, but a recognized leader of the 
free trade Democrats, though his service in the house 
before his elevation to the speakership was short. 




JAMES G. BLAINE. 

229. What is the political complexion of the present 
congress? 

The Forty-ninth Congress, whose second session is 
now drawing to a close,contains in the house,! 83 Dem- 
ocrats and 141 Republicans and i Greenback Demo- 
crat; and in the senate 41 Republicans and 35 Demo- 
crats. The Fiftieth Congress, elected in November,! 886, 
will stand, in the house, 168 Democrats, 154 Republi- 
cans and 2 labor men, while the new senate, as now 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



89 



known, will have 39 Republicans and t^^ Democrats, one 
member being not yet chosen. 

230. Who are the chief leaders of theRepublican party? 

James G. Blaine, of Maine, Senators Edmunds, of 
Vermont, Sherman, of Ohio, Ingalls, of Kansas, Evarts, 




JOHN JAMES INGALLS, 
United States Senator from Kansas. 

of New York, and Hoar,of Massachusetts. In the house. 
Reed of Maine, and Hiscock of New York have hither- 
to led the Republicans in purely partisan debate. Hiscock 
was elected senator from New York in January, 1887. 



90 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

231. What is noteworthy in the leadership of this 
party ? 

That the leaders are, without exception, stalwart 
Republicans, showing that the party has driven out or 
suppressed all who were disposed to forgive the south 
and forget the rebellion. The leaders are, it is also to 
be noted, all high-tariff men, showing that the free trade 
Republicans have likewise been brought into subjection. 

232. Wlio are the Mugwumps,or Independent Repub- 
licans ? 

The remnant of a section of the Republicans, once 
powerful enough to affect the policy of their party. Pro- 
claiming their independence of party ties, they sought 
to forward certain reform measures by holding the bal- 
ance of power between Republican and Democratic 
parties. The attempt to maintain this attitude of inde- 
pendence was not altogether successful, as many mem- 
bers deserted to unite themselves permanently with the 
political party of their individual preference. The 
Mugwumps proper still profess neutrality, and cluster 
chiefly about the banner of civil service reform upheld 
by George Wm. Curtis and Dorman B. Eaton of New 
York. 

233. Who are the Democratic leaders? 

President Cleveland, ex officio^ Secretaries Bayard 
and Lamar, and Attorney General Garland (now in the 
cabinet, but taken from the senate) ; Messrs. Carlisle, 
Morrison and Randall in the house. 

234. What are the Labor and Prohibition parties? 
Small political organizations, of significance only as 

they weaken the two principal parties. Both are grow- 
ing in strength rapidly, however, and threaten the su- 
premacy of the old parties in some states. 

235. In what respect is Mr. Blaine a leader in his 
party ? 

Mr. Blaine left the senate in March, 1881, to become 
secretary of state. This office he resigned six months 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 91 

later and has since had no direct connection with the 
national government. He was an unsuccessful candi- 
date for the presidency in 1884 — a fact that might have 
been fatal to his political influence. Yet all this to the 
contrary notwithstanding, Mr. Blaine is a recognized 
leader of his party. His old-time hostility to southern 
Democrats, to the Chilian conquerors of Peru, and to 
English influence in South and Central America, but 
partially accounts for his popularity. His fervid love 
for those who love him, and his aggressive, outspoken 



GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, 
United States Senator from Vermont. 

censure of his enemies, is a more plausible explanation. 
Prominent in his political creed is his unbounded faith 
in a high tariff for the protection of American industries. 

236. Who IS Senator Edmunds, and with what pub- 
lic measures is he identified.'* 

Geo. F. Edmunds is senator from Vermont, and has 



92 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



long since been known in congress as the implacable 
foe to anything like jobbery. He has, during the pres- 
ent administration. endeavored to expose what he con- 
siders the hypocritical pretensions of the presiden*- as a 
civil service reformer. Beside this, Edmunds is identi- 
fied with a measure, recently passed, for the forcible ex- 
tinction of Mormon polygamy, and with the retaliatory 
legislation against Canada on the fisheries question. 




CANADIAN FISHING GROUNDS. 

237. What is the fisheries question, and what the 
nature of Edmunds legislation.^ 

The fisheries in question lie off the coast of Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick, and the (alleged) unfair and 
unneighborly treatment of our fishermen by the Canad- 
ian authorities, — the creation and enforcement of rules 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 93 

hostile to our fishing interests, and the arbitrary seizure 
of vessels for violating the same,— has for a year or more 
been a source of complaint by the United States to the 
government of Great Britain. Diplomatic negotiation 
having so far failed, congress proposes to authorize the 
president to close our ports to Canadian vessels and to 
exclude Canadian fish from our markets. 

238. With what reform measure is President Cleve- 
land identified .'* 

With the proposed separation of the civil service from 
politics, making the mode of appointment non-partisan, 
and the tenure stable during good behavior, and dis- 
couraging offensive partisanship in public officers._ This 
is by no means a new scheme, but it has been difficult 
to find a president who would carry it out as Cleveland 
is pledged to do. In carrying out his reform policy,the 
president has not been wholly consistent, and there is 
naturally some question as to his sincerity, but he still 
retains the confidence of the Civil Service Reform Asso- 
ciation. 

239. Who is the chief enemy of this reform? 

The poUtician "who stands by his friends." This 
amiable character is very successful in modern politics, 
completely overshadowing the man who stands by his 
principles and calls upon his friends to stand by him. 

240. Is civil service reform, therefore, an unpopular 
measure? 

It has thrown a coldness over political caucuses and 
conventions, and many Democrats denounce it openly 
as hurtful to the party. Others tolerate it m deference 
to the wishes of the president. How far the next nat- 
ional Democratic convention will endorse it is still a 
matter of doubt. 

241. Why are Bayard, Lamar and Garland distin- 
guished as party leaders above other members of the 
cabinet ? 

For two reasons ; because they were party leaders 



94 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

in the senate before their appointment to the cabinet, 
and because of their undoubted influence with the Dem- 
ocratic party m their state or section of the Union. 
(Lamar and Garland, having been prominent in the 
government of the Southern Confederacy, may be con- 




■"^^ y1S-s32rUyi 



WILLIAM R. MORRISON, 
Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, 

sidered unavailable for the presidential nomination, but 
Mr. Bayard's name has been often proposed for that 
honor. Had he been a citizen of a larger and more 
"doubtful" state, he might have been nominated.) 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



95 



242. Who are the Democratic party leaders in the 
house? 

The party in the house is divided on the tariff ques- 
tion into low tariff and high tariff men. The former, 
who are also known as tariff reformers, are led by Wm. 
R. Morrison of Illinois, chairman of the committee on 
ways and means, and by the speaker, Mr. Carlisle of 




SAMUEL J. RANDALL, 
Chairman of the Committee on Appropriations. 

Kentucky. The Protection Democrats are led by Sam- 
uel J. Randall of Pennsylvania, chairman of the com- 
mittee on appropriations. 



United States.— Population, (1880)50,153,866. i\rmy (regular)2,177 
oflBcers, and 52,000 enlisted men; navy, 93 vessels, including old and 
worn out ships, and 10,170 officers and men. Revenue, (1885) $323,693- 
706: expenditure, (1885) $260,2:6,934; debt, (Jan. 30, 1S86) $1,378,176,580- 



96 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

243. What significance attaches to these chairman- 
ships ? 

Since these standing committees have the framing of 
the most important legislation, the chairmanships are 
assigned to party leaders, much on the same principle 
as portfolios are granted in a responsible ministry. 

244. How does the party stand on the tariff question? 
The tariff reformers outnumber their opponents (in 

the party) nearly three to one. The opposition are, 
however, allied with the Republicans on this question, 
and thus all free trade legislation is blocked. (The de- 
feat of Mr. Morrison in the congressional election will 
rob the tariff reformers of their chief leader in the next 
congress, but otherwise the situation remains the same.) 

245. Is the party divided upon other questions.? 
Yes ; most of the important laws of recent years have 

been passed without reference to party lines. The in- 
ter-state railroad bill, the presidental succession and 
electoral count bills and many minor measures were 
passed in this way Indeed, the party lines are seldom 
drawn unless in support of party, or to defeat some at- 
tack by political opponents. 



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Price $1.50. With the School Herald one year, $1.90 

Address, W. I. CHASE, 

School Herald Office, Chlcacro. 



M GoYernment In Tlieory and 
Practice. 

BY W. I. CHASE. 

A comparative view of all " the powers that <5^," 
giving their forms of executive administration^ their 
legislative machinery^ and their political origin and 
history. 

Invaluable as a Teacher's Aid. 
Incomparable as a Text Book. 

This little volume may truly be said to fill a long felt want. It fills a 
place which no book hitherto issued has ever attempted to fill, and sup- 
plies a need which every teacher of history, civil government or political 
science has recognized. It gives briefly a sketch of the origin, basis and 
object of governments, their various forms in diflFerent countries, and the 
:auses of these variations, defines co-ordinate, supreme and subordinate 
powers in civil government; then, taking up the different countries of the 
ivorld, gives an outline of their political systems, their limitations of ex- 
Jcutive power, mode of legislative action, points of likeness and unlike- 
less, through the entire list of federations, unified states, despotisms, 
iependent and component states, and the state governments of the American 
Union and of the German Empire. 

Every high-school or college student should have this book. Every 
".eacher must have it. Indispensable in class room and library. 

PRICE, 75 CENTS. 

Concerning this book, Prof. C. W. G. Hyde, of St. Cloud Normal 
School, Minn., writes: "In one respect it has the bestplanof anybook 
on the subject I have ever seen. It views the question broadly, 
showing how the notion of government is understood in all parts of 
the world, and compares the ideas which obtain in the monarchies 
and republics of the world with those entertained by the framers of 
our own constitution. One cannot grasp the principles underlying 
our own system without such comparison." 

Sent with the School Herald for ^i.io. 

Address W, I. CHASE, 

School Herald Office, CHICAGO. 



NOTA BENE. 
WHAT THEY SAY OF OUR NEW BOOK. 

The press notices of our book are uniformly favorable. 
Among those first received are the following: 

A good elementary popular manual of Civil Government in 
Theory and Practice has been prepared by W. I. Chase on the 
comparative plan. It lays down the main features of the gov- 
ernments of all covmtries, and shows their variation from each 
other, and particularly from that of the United States as the 
standard of comparison. This comparative method is the 
proper way of studying the subject. Vastly more can be ac- 
complished under it in the way of an elementary, liberal, and 
really intelligent comprehension of the subject than by any 
other. It is a method which shows how the ends of govern- 
ment may be either reached or missed under almost any con- 
ceivable system, and what is required to secure liberty and 
good government. — N. T. Independent. 

The purpose of the author seems to have been to bring 
together a goodly amount of information about all the govern- 
ments of the earth, which he has done in convenient form. 
While it is hardly to be expected that the memory of the 
ordinary pupil can long remain charged with such a mass of 
facts, a good purpose is served in directing study to the subject. 
Many who would not think of going to the year-books and 
cyclopedias for the information thus laid before them will find 
the book useful as a reference, and to this end it will also 
doubtless be utilized by school-teachers. — Chicago Tribune. 

It is needless to say that information contained in this little 
volume is scattered through libraries or through pretentious 
volumes that a child never thinks of approaching. Here the 
information as to all the nations of the world is compressed in 
one volume, the story told in a simple direct style, and by one 
who having found the need of such information has had the 
wants of younger as well as mature people in mind. Too little 
attentionhas been given in our schools to the subject of gov- 
ernment, possibly because no book such as this has been pre- 
pared in the way to meet the wants of the schools. Not one 
boy in twenty has any idea of the constitution of the United 
States, to say nothing of the constitutions of other countries, 
and so far as government is concerned he is only a bundle of 
impulses, prejudices, and contradictions. Here in one volume 
are the facts of the case. — Chicago Inter-Ocean. 

The forms and peculiarities of the governments of the 
various civili'zed countries are given in a brief, clear and com- 



NOTA BENE. 

prehensive manner. For example, the complicated form of 
government of Austro-Hungary is set fortli with perfect plain- 
ness and the simpler forms with equal clearness. This it will 

be perceived is valuable to all who take an interest in the gen- 
eral affairs of the world, enabling them better to understand 
leading events as they occur .—I nterior . 

He who would become familiar with all " the powers that 
be," their origin and history, their chief points of likeness and 
unlikeness to the government of the United States, should 
secure and study a copy of this book. Here these points are 
presented in a complete yet most concise way. No one is 
better fitted for the task of compiling this information than 
Mr. Chase, as his editorial duties have led him along this line 
for several years. The work will certainly be v/ell received.— 
Normal Herald. 

It is a work that will be found of much interest to all 
thoughtful readers, and to all students and teachers of history 
it will prove a manual of the greatest possible value. — Toledo 
Blade. 

It is certain that the young citizen of our favored land can 
but feebly appreciate the excellent features of our own govern- 
ment, without the knowledge that will enable him to compare 
it with the governments of other countries, Wherefore, a 
book which remedies this deficiency should receive a warm 
welcome from all i)itelligent educators. — N. E. Jourjial of 
Education. 

It is an interesting and useful compilation, which, put in the 
hands of intelligent boys and girls who are studying civil gov- 
ernment, would interest them much, and give them many 
valuable notions. — Wisconsin Jotirnal of Education. 

The comparative method is vmquestionably the best way of 
studying the subject, and this little manual will be found' ex. 
ceptionally convenient and valuable to teachers. — Pennsylvania 
School fournal. 

A work of great interest to teachers and students of history. 
— Michigan Ai oderator. 

It is a work that will be of use to many, especially to teach- 
ers and students of history and civil government. — Phila. 
Teacher. 

It contains many useful facts. — Golden Rule. 



THE SCHOOL HERALD. 

A semi-monthly news manual for use in schools. Devoted to the syste- 
matic study of our day and g^eneration. Non-partisan and non-sectarian, it 
aims to present the actual facts with explanation rather than comment. 
Never to slight anything of importance and always to demonstrate the his- 
torical significance of events, is the rule it has ever followed. It can 
produce unsolicited commendations from thousands of the persons most 
prominent in the educational world. Subscription price, per year, 
(24 numbers), 75 cents. 



SEPTEMBER EXTRAS. 

Giving in question and answer form, a review of the history of each 
twelvemonths, beginning with September. 

Extra No. 1. For September, 1882.— Contains questions and an- 
swers on the history of the world for iSSi-82. Illustrated with four maps, 
z. e., of the Grecian boundary, of the scene of the Herzegovinian war, the 
Lena delta and the delta of the Nile. 16 pp. Price 6 Cents. * 

Extra No. 2. For September, 1883 —Contains questions and an- 
swers on the history of 1S82-83. Illustrated with maps and portraits. 32 
pp. Price 10 cents. 

Extra No. 3. For September, 1884.— Contains questions and an- 
swers on the history of 1883-S4, Fully illustrated with maps and portraits. 
24 pp. Price 10 cents. 

Extra No. 4. For September, 1885.— Contains questions and an- 
swers on the history of 1884-85. Fully illustrated with maps and portraits. 
64 pp. 16 mo. Price 20 cents. 

-8®"Price set of four, 40 cents. 



AUGUST EXTRAS. 

Campaign extra, 1884. Contains the history of presidential nomina- 
tions, biographical sketches of the chief candidates before the Republican 
and Democratic conventions of 1SS4; an historic review of the political plat- 
form and the candidate's letter of acceptance, together with a brief sketch 
of the nominations and the campaign, the different platforms and the prin- 
ciples involved. Fully illustrated with portraits of the candidates, and fur- 
nished with questions for class use. Price 6 cents. 



Lessons in Current History,— Contains outlines of the history of 
the past four years with directions for teaching; outline essays on "Eng- 
land in Egypt and the Soudan," and " French Colonial Wars," specimen 
narratives— "The Afghan Question," (full history to date). Tho Isthmian 
canals, German African annexations, Congo conference, etc., .!tc. Very 
fully illustrated. t,i pp. Price 10 cents. 

'8S~Pric6 of all extras, 60 cents. 



SPECIAL OFFERS! 

To induce those intending to take the School 
Wei^ald to subscribe NO W, 

To induce subscribers intending to renew, to re- 
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A nd thus save us the trouble of looking for back 
numbers to complete their files. 

We make the following Cotnbination Offers: 

bS For School ExMliitiois. sxS. IrZ 

$ .20 Favorite Primary Speaker $ .85 $1.25 

25 Friday Afternoon Speaker 9C 1.30 

25 Friday Afternoon Dialogues 90 1.30 

25 Young Folks' Dialogues 90 1.3,0 

25 Fifty Choice Dialogues 90 1.30 

25 School and Parlor Tableaux 90 1.5o 

25 Broom Brigade Tactics 90 1.30 

30 Gladstone ^peake^ 90 1.30 

50 Work and Play 100 1.40 

50 Little Tommy's Speaker 100 1.40 

50 Children's Hour 1.00 1.40 

50 Pleasant Times 1.00 1.40 

50 Exhibition Days 1.00 1.40 



AMs in Teacli. 



10 Lessons in Current History. 8) 1.20 

20 Curious Cobwebs, No. 1. 85 1.25 

20 Curious Cobwebs, No. 2. 85 1.25 

25 Ensign's Outlines in U. S. Historv. 90 1.30 

60 1001 Questions & Answers on U. S. History. 1.00 1.40 

50 1001 Questions & Answers on Geography. 1.00 140 

60 1001 Questions & Answers on Grammar. 1.00 1.40 

50 1001 Questions «& Answers on Arithmetic. 1.00 1.40 

50 Practical Etiquette. 1.00 1.40 

75 Civil Government In Theory and Practice. 1.10 1.50 

75 Cook's Methods in Arithmetic. 1.10 1.50 

75 Orcutt's Teacher's Manual. 1.10 1.50 

1.00 1000 Ways of 1000 Teachers. 150 1.90 

1.00 How to Teach and Studv U. S. History. 1.50 1.90 

1.00 McCormick'sPractic'l Work in Geography. 1.50 1.90 

1 .25 Page's Theory and Practice of Teaching. 1 65 2.05 

1.25 Irish's Grammatical Diagrams. 1.65 2 05 

1.25 Craig's Common School Question Book. 1.65 2.05 

1.35 DeGrafif's Development Lessons. 1.70 2.10 

1.35 Froebel's Education of Man. 1.7J ?.10 

1.50 Thompson's Teacher's Examiner. 1.80 2.20 



1.00 Creasy's 15 Decisive Battles of the World. 

1.00 "Helps to Write." 

3.25 Fallows' Synonyms and Antonyms. 



1.25 


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1.80 


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A box of fine assorted stationery, containing everything- necessary 
for letter and note correspondence; 100 sheets fine writing paper 
with envelopes to match; gilt-edged regret cards with envelopes, 
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and spelling. 

SENT BY MAIL ON RECEIPT OF $1 GO 

The price is low, as the goods are fine— finer than may be procured 
in most small towns and villages— but we offer a still further reduc- 
tion in the following list of COMBINATION OFFERS: 

^Sf For School ExWMtions. niStcls' 

$.20 Favorite Primary Speaker ^1.05 $1.45 

35 Friday Afternoon Speaker 1.10 1.50 

25 Friday Afternoon Dialogues 1.10 1.50 

25 Young Folks' Dialogues 1.10 150 

25 Fifty Choice Dialogues 1.10 1.50 

25 School and Parlor Tableaux 1.10 1.50 

25 Broom Brigade Tactics 1.10 1.50 

30 Gladstone ^peake^ 1.10 1.50 

50 Work and Play 1.20 1.60 

50 Little Tommy's Speaker 1.20 160 

50 Children's Hour 1.20 160 

50 Pleasant Times l.'^O 160 

50 Exhibition Days 1.20 1.60 

kit in Teacli 

10 Lessons in Current History. 100 1.40 

20 Curious Cobwebs, No. 1. 1.05 1.45 

20 Curious Cobwebs, No. 2. 1.05 1.45 

25 Ensign's Outlines in U. S. History. 1.10 1.50 

50 1001 Questions & Answers on U. S. History. 1.20 1.60 

50 1001 Questions & Answers on Geography. 1.20 1.60 

60 1001 Questions & Answers on Grammar. 1.20 1.60 

50 1001 Questions & Answers on Arithmetic. 1.20 1.60 

50 Practical Etiquette. 1.20 1.60 

75 Civil Government in Theory and Practice. 1.30 1.70 

75 Cook's Methods in Arithmetic. 130 1.70 

75 Orcutt's Teacher's Manual. 1.30 1.70 

1.00 1000 Ways of 1000 Teachers. 1.70 2.10 

1 .00 How to Teach and Studv U. S. History. 1.70 2.10 

1.00 McCormick's Practic'l Work in Geography. 1.70 2.10 

1.25 Page's Theory and Practice of Teaching. 1.85 2.25 

1.25 Iri-^h's Grammatical Diagrams. 1.85 2 25 

1.25 Craig's Common School Question Book. 1.85 2.25 

1.35 DeG raff's Development Lessons. 1.90 2.30 

1.35 Froebel's Education of Man. 1.90 2.30 

1.50 Thompson's Teacher's Examiner. 2.00 2.40 

Address W. I. CHASE, School Herald Office, Chicago. 



THE GLADSTONE SPEAKER. 

EDITED BY W, I, CHASE. 

Compiled from the speeches of eminent men of our time» 
and from current literature during the past three years. 
Contains nothing but declamations, all new. 



The "^Vorld w^e liive in. 

Practical Hints. 

Gladstone's Speech at Leeds, 1881. 

Winter and Famine. 

The Irish Patriots. 

Sic Semper Liberatoribus. 

Skobeleff as Slavophil. 

The Banner of the Jew. 

The Egyptian War. 

Exit Arabi. 

Gladstone and his Opponents. 

Gladstone's Concession to Home 
Rule. 

Forster vs. Parnell, 

Parnell's Reply to Forster. 

The Lieutenant's Petition. 

Political Assessments. 

Importunity of Office Seekers. 

Quality of Garfield's Greatness. 

Eagle or Hen. 

The Policy of 1846, 

Watterson at Toledo. 

Poem on Mrs. Stowe. 

The Poetry left on Andre's Monu- 
ment. 

The Political Outlook. 

To Virgil, 

North and South. 

American Novelists. 

An Historic Moment. 

Bunthorne's Soliloquy. 

The Way we liive now. 

The Knight Errant. 

The Troubadour. 

The Pirate of Chivalry. 

This Degenerate Age. 

" Flash," The P'ireman's Story. 

The Fallow Field. 

The Blue Jay. 

Summer Drought. 

A Modern Opera Plot. 

Darwin's Theory Backwards. 

A Tomboy. 

Taken altogether the collection i 

bility. Contains 160 pages. Well 

Price 30 cents. 



The Confession of an Idiot, 

A Wily Freshman. 

River and Harbor Bill, 

A Dilettante. 

Ballade of Difficult Rhymes. 

Veteran Encouraging Recruit. 

Ballad of a Brave Cattle Man 

The Last Meeting of Pocahontas 

and the Great Captain. 
A Poet's Plaint, 
Last and Worst. 
Scandal. 

The Ballad of a Bore. 
Three Fiends. 
The Voice from the Farm. 
The People's Song of Peace, 
The Old Reading Class, 
Evolution, 
Buddha and the Hindoo Mother. 

Humorous and Dialectic.^ 

At the Mess Table. 

A Big Day for Boston, 

The Terrible Bang Girl. 

She Would Have Chewing Gum, 

Be Kind to Animals, 

Nigger Mighty Happy. 

When the Frost is on the Punkin. 

Sunday Fishin', 

Our Railroads. 

A Solium Fac'. 

The Going of Arthur. 

The Man in the Moon. 

Malonie and Murphy. 

A Warning from the Sawdust Ring. 

The Little Banana Peel, 

The Christmas Reformer, 

Millionaire and Barefoot Boy, 

A Negro Boy's Complaint. 

The Wedding of Shon Maclean. 

Tobias — So to Speak. 

Kentucky Philosophy, 

A Western Maid's Dream. 

Out on a Fly. 

An Idyl of Philadelphia, 
s unparalleled in freshness and availa- 
printed and neatly bound in paper cover. 



CHOICE NEW BOOKS 

FOR SCHOOL AND HOME ENTERTAINMENTS. 

LITTLE PEOPLE'S SPEAKER, Designed for 
children ten years old and young-er, and containing a wide Aariety 
of short pieces suitable for all kinds of entertainments. 100 pages. 
Paper, 15c. 

YOUNG FOLKS' READINGS AND REGIT A 
TIONS. For School and Home Entertainment and for 
use as a supplementary reader in the Primary and Intermediate 
Grades. 104 pages. Paper, 15c. 

YOUNG POLKS' SPEAKER Contains Concert 
Recitations, Holiday Pieces, ringing Temperance Speeches, soul- 
stirring Patriotic Orations, etc. 100 pages, attractively bound. 
Paper, 15c. 

YO UNG FOLKS' DIALOGUES. New and original. 
"Without exception this is the best book of thelk.in6. "—Begister. 
Springfield, 111. 120 pages, handsome cover. Paper. 25c- 

YOUNG FOLKS' ENTERTAINMENTS. By 

E. C. and L.J.Rooi«. Absolutely new and original. Contains Mo- 
tion Songs, Charades, Pantomimes, Tableaux, Concert Recitations, 
Motion Pieces, Drills, etc. Handsomely bound. Paper, 25c. 

CHOICE HUMOR. For Reading and Recitation. 
Adapted for use in public and private. "It is a very fine selection 
of articles from our best authors. We would heartily reconunend 
its perusal as a cure for a fit of the hlneQ ." —Christian Advicaie, San 
Francisco, Cal. Appropriately engraved cover. Paper, 30c. 

CHOICE DIALOGUES, For School and Social En- 
tertainment. Grammar and High School Grade. 183 pages. Paper, 
30c. 

FAVORITE SONGS AND BALLADS, With 
music. Paper, 25c. 

HOME AMUSEMENTS, Containing Acting Cha- 
rades, Shadow Pantomimes, Parlor Games, Puzzles, Riddles, Enig- 
mas, Conundrums, Parlor Magic, Chemical Experiments, Recita- 
tions, Dialogues, etc. Paper, 25c. 

TOMMY'S FIRST SPEAKER. For Little Bo}s 
and Girls. Edited by Tommy Himself. Contains 250 pieces, short, 
simple, interesting. Suitable for very young children. A book for 
every child, every home, every school. 13mo., large type. Illumin- 
ated board covers. Price 50c. 

CHILDREN'S HOUR. By Mrs M. B. C. Slade. Con- 
taining Dialogues, Motion Sonars, Tableaux, Charades, Blackboard 
Exercises, etc., for Primary Schools, Kindergartens. 1 vol,, 16mo, 
boards. Price 50c, 

PLEASANT TIMES, By Marion Wayland. Contain- 
ing Dialogues, Recitations, Motion Songs.etc, entirely new. Price 50c. 

EXHIBITION DAYS. By Mrs. M. B. C. Slade. Con- 
taining Dialogues, Speeches, Tableaux. Charades, Blackboard Ex- 
ercises, etc., adapted to scholars in the Common, Grammar, and 
High School. 1vol., 16mo. Boards. Price, 50 cts.. 

Address W. I. 'JHASE, 

School Herald Office, CHICAGO. 



LESSONS IN CORREHT HISTORY. 

Outlines of the history of the past four years, with 
specimen essays, narratives of striking events, etc. 
Illustrated v^ith many maps and portraits. 

PRICE, 10 oe:n^ts. 

The cheapest manual of recent history extant: 
PRICES FOR USE IX SCHOOL.^. 

lO copies » .80 1 .50 copies 83.00 

SO copies 1.50 I lOO copie-« S.OO 

Address, V/. I. CHASE, 

Publisher School Herald, 

CHICAGO. 

Teachers' Aids. 



FROEBEUS EDUCATION OF MAN. {Adoptedfor 
the use of the National Teachers' Reading Circle^ Translated 
by Miss Josephine Jarvis,with a preface to the American ed- 
ition by Miss Elizabeth P. Peabody. Handsomely bound in 
cloth. Price, $1.35. 

This, great work by the founder of the Kindergarten is now 
first presented to the English reading public. No teacher who 
is unable to read the original should delaj procuring this faith- 
ful translation. 

The Philadelphia Press says: "Single lines contain hints and 
suggestions of more value than many books. Miss Jarvis's 
translation is all that could be desired, and the work ought to 
be added to every mother's library." 



DeGBAFF'S DEVELOPMENT LESSONS. {Ad- 
opted by the Chautauqua Teachers^ Heading Union, and the Na- 
tional Teachers' Reading Circle.) By Prof. E. V. DeGraff and 
Miss M. K. Smith. Containing lessons on elementary sci- 
ence,an exposition of the" Quincy System of Teaching,"and 
lectures upon the science and art of teaching. Illustrated. 
Price, c^i. 55. 

Address, "VV- I- OHIA-SE, 

School Herald Office, Chicaoro. 



FIRST STIPS IN SCIENTIFIC KNOW LED&E. 

—BY PAUL BERT.— 
Revised and Corrected by Wm. H. Greene, M. D., Professor 
of Chemistry in Philadelphia Central High School. With 
550 Illustrations. Complete in One Volume. i6mo. Extra 
Cloth. 75 cents. 
500^000 copies ofthi^ work were sold in France 
in three years. There is not a school, even in 
the smallest village^ that does not use it, 
— English and American Testimonials. — 

"This book has made the teaching of Elementary Science 
possible in the lower grades of the grammar schools, and in 
the common schools." 

"Teachers can scarcely be said to know how much science 
can be taught to children until they have studied M. Paul Berts 
'First Steps in Scientific Knowledge'." 

"A wonderful production. We unreservedly recommend it 
for use in schools." 

"If ever there was a royal road to knowledge, M. Bert has 
discovered it." 

"It is only an experienced master's mind that could have 
produced such a compendium of scientific information so sim- 
ply and clearly illustrated." 

Sent with the School Herald for $1,20. 

Grammar and Analysis made Easy by Diagrams^ 

By F.V.IRISH, Lecturer and Instructor in Teachers' Institutes. 
The most complete work on Grammatical Diagrams yet published. 
It contains 118 pp. of engraved diagrams, about 600 different senten- 
ces, comprising- all the difficult sentences of Harvey's Grammar (both 
old and new edition), witb notes and explanations; also d'fflcnit sen- 
tences from other grammars, and Greene's Analvsis, closing- with 
several pages of miscellaneous sentences, verbal analysis and pars- 
ng. Price, $1.35. 



OUTLINES ON U.S. HISTORY. 

i?2/ S.LAURA ENSIGN, 
Fifty-six Pagps of Outlines, Tablets, and Sketches in U. S. History. 
The author truly says, "Information is not the main object to be at- 
tained. A love for the study of history, with some valuable ideas and 
methods of pursuing it, are the great results." Price, 25 cts. 

Address, "VST". I- 0H:.A.SE, 

School Herald Office, Chicago. 



i^ 



MAN 



ff 



BY G. DALLAS LTND, M. D. 

THERE is no subject which has so ra uch in terest to mankind as man. 
Dr. Lind's fj-reat work traces, step by step, the history of the hu- 
man race from the days of primeval man down to the present time. 
The contents embrace: Man's Orig-in; Antiquity: Condition in Pre- 
historic Times; Races; Languages; Customs and Peculiarities; Arms 
and Armor; Modes of Warfare; Hunting; Marriage and Burial; 
Food; Amusements; Religious; Superstitions; Myths; Home Life in 
all ages; Progress; Wonders of the Human Body; Right Living ;The 
Mind; etc., etc. The whole forms an Oclavo Volume of 750 pp., with 
275 Illustrations. 

"[t is a rich condensed compilation of facts on this most interesting 
of subjects to man, ourselves."— John Collett, State Geologist of 
Indiana. 

"The reader will find valuable instruction on every page, imparted 
by pleasing method. "—/n;<?r Oce/m, Chicago. 

"A wonderful collection of facts presented in a most readable man- 
ner."— Iowa Normal 3[onth.'y. 

Price— Fine cloth, beveled boards, marbled edges, gold and black 
side stamp, $3.75. 



An Unparalled Offer! 

The above-described book was published at $3.75 and is held at that 
price by the publisher and the trade generally. Hence we cannot sell 
the book singly for less. But we will do better— we will,as you may 
see by the following offers, virtually give you the book. 

MAN Price, $3.75 I R^i-v, -Fr.,. «•:( i-r; 

Five subscribers at 75 c. = 3.75 ( ^^^°^ *^^ *'^- *^- 

l^~If the book is to be sent by mail, :30c. additional must be sent 
to prepay postage. 

MAN Price $3.75 ~i 

Creasy's 15 Decisive Battles " 1.00 

Practical Etiquette " .50 

Home Amusements " .25 

Songs and Ballads " .25 

Artistic Embroidery " .25 }- All for $3.7.5.'' 

Young Folks' Entertainments " .25 

Curious Cobwebs, No. 1. " .20 

Curious Cobwebs, No. 2. " .20 1 

Lessons in Current History •' .10 I 

Chase's Qvii Government " .75J 

* If books are to be sent by mail, 45c. must be remitted to prepay 
postage. 

MAN Price $3,751 

Froebel's Education of Man " 1-35 1 . n f,^ «.q r-r * 

Craig's Common School Question Book " j 59 |- ^ii lor i^d.^b. 
Orcutt's Teachers' Manual " 1.00 J 

*lf books are to be sent by mail, 40c. must be remitted to prepay 
postage 
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Popular Plays! 

SCHOOL OR SOCIETY ENTERTAINMENTS. 



rjRICE 15 CENTS EACH, 

SETH GREENBACK.-A drama in four acts, by T. S. Denison; 7 
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'•Seth Greenback was a perfect success. It can't be beat as an am- 
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BORROWING TROUBLE.— A ludicrous farce by T. S. Denison; 3 
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"It took to perfection."— J. W. Jarnigan, Lynnville, Iowa. 

THE IRISH LINEN PEDDLER,— A capital farce in two acts, by 
T.S. Denison; 3 male, 3 female. Time, 40 m. Irish comedian, mid- 
dle-aged man, young man, a scheming widow, young lady, Irish ser- 
vant girl. Scenes: interior, room in a farm house, and room in a 
hotel. 

" 'The Irish Linen Peddler' cannot be excelled in wit and humor. 
It kept the whole house in an uproar of laughter,"— T. J, Loar, To- 
wanda. 111, 

THE KANSAS IMMIGRANTS,— A hilarious farce in two scenes, 
by T, S, Denison; 5 male, 1 female. Time, 30 m. Scenes: Interior of 



POPULAR PLAYS, (Continued), 

a shanty in Kansas. Contains two darky "Exodusters," early settler 
and wife, cow boy (to make up as an Indian), and a Boston swell. 

"Don't want anything- better than 'The Kansas Immigrants'."— H. 
S. Kiehle, Circleville, Pa. 

TOO MUCH OF A COOD THING.— A rattling comedy farce, by T. 
S. Denison; 3 male, 6 female. Tim", 50 m. Characters: A precise 
stepmother, and five young ladies in training, who are inclined to 
make mischief, a country bumpkin, precise young man, old gent, 
full of sly humor. Scene, a parlor. 

"We used 'Too Much of a Good Thing.' It is the best thing out."— 
Dramatic Club, Fair view, Pa. 

IS THE EDITOR IN ? -A lively farce, by T. S. Denison; 4 male, ^ 
female. Time, 20 m. Scene, country printing-office. Brassy editor? 
poetical old maid, aggrieved subscribers. Very amusing, illustrates 
the trials of country journalism, and of country subscribers. 

MY WIFE'S RELATIONS —A comedietta in one act, by Walter 
Gordon; 4 male, 6 female. Time, 1 hour. Scene, neatly furnished 
room. This play is an excellent one. There is a vein of humor per- 
vading it which, with the droll situations, make it highly enjoyable. 

IN THE WRONG HOUSE.— A farce by Martin Becher; 4 male, 3 
female. Time, 30 m. Scene, a plain room. Two light comedians, 
and two excellent parts for ladies. An eccentric author hires the 
lodgings of a young man in his absence; the latter has eloped with a 
young lady, and an irate father is in pursuit with a det'^ctlve. All 
confront the author about the same time, to the complete mystifica- 
tion of everybody. Very laughable throughout. Aline parlor play, 

HARD CIDER.— Anamusing little sketch, by T.S. Denison; 4 male- 
2 female. Time, 20 m. Just the thing for a short entertainment 
anywhere, in school, parlor or Red Ribbon Club. 

INITIATING A GRANGER.— A roaring farce, by T. S. Denison, 
full of practical jokes; 10 male. Time, 35 m. Scene, a student's 
room. 

"Laughable beyond de3cription."-J. W. Simmon8,Lawrence,Mich. 

COUNTRY JUSTICE.— A very amusing country lawsuit, by T. S 
Denison; 8 male, (may admit further a jury of 6 or 13). Time, 15 ra 
This little play will do equally for boys or full-grown men. The tes 
timony, the arguments and the verdict are all remarkable. It is al 
ways popular. 

THE MOVEMENT CURE— Very funny scene in a doctor's office; 
5 male (may make principals, negroes if desired). Time 15 m. 

TWO GHOSTS IN WHITE.— A humorous farce, by T. S.Danison; 
based on boarding-school life: 8 female characters. Time 25 ra. Very 
funny throughout, and contains some excellent hits. 

PETSOFSOCIETY:— A farce by T.S. Denison; 7 female Time. 30 
m Scene, handsome parlors. German or Scandenavian girl, Irish 
girl, fashionable people. Takes oflf the fashionable girl of the period 
to a dot. 

MRS. GAMP'S TEA.— Arranged from Dickens's novel, Martin 
Chuzzlewit; 3 females. Mrs. Gamp and Betsy Prig, English nurses. 
Time, 15 m. Those who are familiar with the novel will need no de- 
scription of these characters. An amusing quarrel arises over Mrs. 
Gamp's invisible friend Mrs. Harris. 

THE ABOVE PLAYS | 5 CENTS EACH, POSTPAID. 

Address, "VT". I. O HIj^SEj, Publisher, 
School Herald Office,' CHICAGO. 



GraiDfflar & Analysis 



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series. 
N. B. Special terms made for introduction. 

Primary $ 50 | Common School Edition. .. .$1 50 

Lectures 1 00 | Counting House Edition. ... ;}(»() 

Key 3 0^ 

A sample copy of either book for examination will be sent by 
mail on receipt of half price— or the five books for $3.50. 

The five books sent to teachers for examination for $3.50, but only 
in reply to requests accompanied by the money. 
OII.BERT BOOK €'<►. Pub'rs., 2U5 N. Fourth St., St. Louis, Mo. 



ESTABLISHED IN 1877. 



INCORPORATED 1886. 



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OFFICE SUITS : 10 & 11, 205 Clark bt, and 113 Adams St., Chicasro. 




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